Exam 2 - Textbook Vocab

Question 1

Character displacement

Answer 1

The divergence in morphology between similar species in the region where the species both occur, but this divergence is reduced or lost in regions where species distributions do not overlap

Question 2

Fundamental niche

Answer 2

The ecological space occupied by a species in the absence of competition and other biotic interactions from other species

Question 3

Gause’s hypothesis

Answer 3

Complete competitors cannot coexist; also called competitive exclusion principle

Question 4

Lorna-voltera equations

Answer 4

The set of equations that describe competition between organisms for food or space; another set of equations describes predator-prey interactions

Question 5

Niche

Answer 5

The ecological space occupied by a species, and the occupation of a species in a community

Question 6

Realized niche

Answer 6

The observed resource use of species in the presence of competition and other biotic interactions; contrast with fundamental niche

Question 7

R-selection

Answer 7

The type of natural selection experienced by populations that are undergoing rapid population increase in a relatively empty environment

Question 8

Aposematic

Answer 8

Warning coloration, indicating to a predator that this prey is poisonous or highly defended against attack

Question 9

Environmental heterogeneity

Answer 9

Variation in space in any environmental parameter such as soil pH or tree cover

Question 10

Functional response

Answer 10

The change in the intake rate of a predator in relation to the density of its prey species

Question 11

Generalist predators

Answer 11

Predators that eat a great variety of prey species

Question 12

Handling time

Answer 12

The time utilized by a predator to consume an individual prey item

Question 13

Numerical response

Answer 13

The change in the numbers or density if a predator in relation to the changes of density in its prey species

Question 14

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 14

A detailed model of how animals should forage to maximize their fitness ???

Question 15

Prey isocline

Answer 15

The -_- Linwood densities of predator and prey at which the prey are in equilibrium; the impact of a predator exactly balanced the preys rate of population growth so the prey population growth rate is zero

Question 16

Safe sites

Answer 16

For animals, sites where prey individuals are able to avoid predation, for plants, sites where seeds can germinate and plants can grow

Question 17

Grazing facilitation

Answer 17

The process of one herbivore creating attractive feeding conditions for another herbivore so there is a benefit to the second herbivore

Question 18

Inducirle defenses

Answer 18

Plant defense methods that are called into action once herbivore attack occurs and are nearly absent during periods of no herbivory

Question 19

Mutualism

Answer 19

A relationship between two organisms of different species that benefits both and harms neither

Question 20

Mycorrhizae

Answer 20

A mutually beneficial association of a fungus and the roots of a plant in which the plants mineral absorption is enhanced and the fungus obtains nutrients from the plants

Question 21

Optimal defense hypothesis

Answer 21

The idea that plants allocate defense against herbivores in a manner that maximizes individual plant fitness, and that defenses are costly to produce

Question 22

Overcompensation hypothesis

Answer 22

The idea that a small amount of grazing will increase plant growth and fitness rather than cause harm to the plant

Question 23

Plant stress hypothesis

Answer 23

The idea that herbivores prefer to attack stressed plants, which produces leaves that are higher in nitrogen

Question 24

Plant vigor hypothesis

Answer 24

The idea that herbivores prefer to attack fast-growing, vigorous plants rather than slow-growing, stressed plants

Question 25

Resource availability hypothesis

Answer 25

A theory of plant defense that predicts higher plant growth rates will result in less investment in defensive chemicals and structures

Question 26

Secondary plant substances

Answer 26

Chemicals produced by plants that are not directly involved in the primary metabolic pathways and whose main function is to repel herbivores

Question 27

Compartment model

Answer 27

A type of box-and-arrow model of disease in which each compartment contains a part of the system that can be measured and the compartments are linked by flows b/t them; each compartment typically has input from some compartments and output to other compartments

Question 28

Disease

Answer 28

An int in which a disease organism lives on or w/in a host plant or animal, to the benefit of the disease agent and detriment of the host

Question 29

Micro parasites

Answer 29

Small pathogenic organisms, typically Protozoa, fungi, bacteria, or viruses that can cause disease

Question 30

Macro parasites

Answer 30

Large multicellular organisms, typically Arthropoda or helminths, which do not multiply within their definitive hosts but instead produce transmission stages (eggs and larvae) that pass into the external environment

Question 31

Parasite

Answer 31

An organism that grows, feeds, or is sheltered on or in a different organism while having a negative impact on them

Question 32

Red Queen hypothesis

Answer 32

The convolution of parasites and their hosts, or predators and their prey in which improvements in one of the species is counted by evolutionary improvements in the particular species so that an evolutionary arms race occurs but neither species gains an advantage in the long term

Question 33

Sublethal effects

Answer 33

Any pathogenic effects that reduce the well being of an individual without causing death

Question 34

Virulence

Answer 34

The degree or ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease; often measured by the host death rate

Question 35

Allele effects

Answer 35

Pop growth rates that decrease below replacement level at low pop density, potentially leading to extinction

Question 36

Balance of nature

Answer 36

The belief that natural pop and communities exist in a stable equilibrium and maintain that equilibrium in the absence of human interference

Question 37

Density-dependent

Answer 37

As pop density rises, birth rates or immigration decrease or deaths and emigration increase and consequently a graph of pop density vs the rate will have a positive or negative slope

Question 38

Density-independent este

Answer 38

As pop density rises, the rate does not change in any systematic manner so that a graph of pop density vs the rate will have a slope of 0

Question 39

Limiting factor

Answer 39

A factor is defined as limiting if a change in the factor produces a change in average or equilibrium density

Question 40

Metapopulation

Answer 40

Local pop in patches that are linked together by dispersal amount the patches divided by colonization and extinction dynamics

Question 41

Regulating factor

Answer 41

A factor is defined as potentially regulating if the percentage of mortality caused by the factor increases with pop density or if per capita reproductive rate decreases with pop density

Question 42

Self-thinning rule

Answer 42

The prediction that the regression or organism size vs pop density had a slope of -1.5 for plants and animals that have plastic growth rates and variable adult size

Question 43

Sink pop

Answer 43

Local pop in which the rate of production is below replacement level so that extinction is inevitable without a source of immigration

Question 44

Source pop

Answer 44

Local pop in which the rate of production exceeds replacement so that individuals emigrate to surrounding pop

Question 45

Key factor analysis

Answer 45

Method of analyzing pop thru pero of life tables and a retrospective analysis of year to year changes in mortality and reproduction

Question 46

Experimental analysis

Answer 46

Analyzing pop changes that approach Qs of limitation and regulation directly

Question 47

Dynamic pool model

Answer 47

Models to predict maximum sustained yield based on detailed pop info on growth rates, natural mortality, and fishing mortality

Question 48

Logistics models

Answer 48

Models to predict maximum sustained yield by the size of sigmoid curves of pop increases modified in fishing removals

Question 49

Marine protected area

Answer 49

National park in the ocean where fishing is restricted or eliminated for the purpose of protecting the pop from over harvesting

Question 50

Match/mismatch hypothesis

Answer 50

The idea that pop regulation in many fish is determined in the early juvenile stages by food supplies, so that if eggs hatch at the same time that food is abundant many will survive, but if eggs hatch when food is scarce, many will die

Question 51

Maximum economic rent

Answer 51

The designed economics goal of any exploited resource, measured by the total revenues - total cost

Question 52

Maximum sustained yield (msy)

Answer 52

The predicted yield that can be taken from a population without the resource collapsing in the short or long term

Question 53

Stock

Answer 53

The harvestable part of the population being exploited

Question 54

Stock-recruit relationship

Answer 54

A key graph relating how many recruits come into the exploited pop from a given pop of adults

Question 55

Tragedy of the commons

Answer 55

The inherent tendency for Over exploitation of resources that have free access and unlimited demand so that it pays the individual to continue harvesting beyond the limits deducted from the common good of sustainability

Question 56

Yield

Answer 56

Amount of usable material taken from a harvest red pop, measured in numbers or biomass

Question 57

Immunocontraception

Answer 57

The use of genetic engineering to insert genes that stimulate the immune system of a vertebrate to reject sperm or eggs, this causing infertility

Question 58

Integrated pest management (ipm)

Answer 58

The use of all techniques of control in an optimal mix to minimize pesticide use and maximize natural controls of peat numbers

Question 59

Parasitoid

Answer 59

An insect that completes larval development in another insect host

Question 60

Push-pull strategies

Answer 60

Management strategies that manipulates the behavior of insect pests to make the crop resource unattractive (push) and lure the pests towards and attractive source (pull) where the pests are destroyed

Question 61

Pesticide

Answer 61

Any chemical that kills a plant or animal pest

Question 62

Resource concentration hypothesis

Answer 62

The idea that agricultural pests are able to cause serious damage because crops are planted as monocultures at high densities

Question 63

Sterile-insect technique

Answer 63

The release of large numbers of sterilized makes to mate with wild females and prevent the fertilization if eggs and production of viable young