Exam 2 - Toddler / Preschool Flashcards
(38 cards)
Describe the growth rate of toddlers and preschoolers as compared to infants.
BMR for individual 1-5 yrs highest grwoth rate of entire life. Highest 0-1 decreases as you age
What physical measurements are taken to measure growth in toddlers up to 2 years of age?
- Height- stadiometer, the are able to stand up straight a before two years of age they still measure “length” laying down. they measure height with stadiometer after 2 years of age.
- Weight
What is BMI for age and how is it used?
t can be used continuously from 2 years of age to adulthood.
BMI-for-age provides a reference for adolescents not previously available
Describe the dip in BMI for age growth curve from ages 2 - 4. What does this dip indicate? (Remember that BMI is an index of weight to height)
Period in which child is growing faster than they are gaining weight, therefore, their BMI decreases
At ages 4 – 6 the BMI growth curve for age gradually rises from its low point. What is this rise called and why does it happen? (Remember that BMI is an index of weight to height)
Adiposity rebound
What are the BMI for age categories for underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese?
less than 5th percentile: underweight
5th to 85th : Healthy body weight
85th to 95th: Overweight
more than 95th: Obese
Be able to calculate BMI and plot BMI for age (weight, height will be given to you).
BMI= (lbs)/(in^2)*703
What foods should be avoided to prevent choking for toddlers up to 3 years of age?
grapes, nuts, peanut butter, hard candy. parent supervision required
Toddlers have strong food preferences by age 2 to 2.5 and may not try new foods. Some toddlers are considered picky eaters. Are these children picky because they are difficult to manage or are they picky because of their taste genetics?
food preferences are set at this age, so it is hard to introduce foods; just let them grow out of it if their growth rate is otherwise fine; there ARE also picky eaters, but these food preferences are usually genetic
What is a food jag?
Only consumes single foods or few foods for extended amount of time
What are some good food sources for protein, fats, fiber, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin D?
Protein: dairy, meats & beans, eggs, fish, grains
Fat: dairy, oils / fats, meat & beans, avocado
Fiber: legumes, whole grains, vegetables, fruits
Calcium: dairy, fortified foods and juices, greens, sardines
Iron: meat & beans, fortified / whole grains, legumes, eggs, greens
Zinc: meat & beans, fortified / whole grains
Vitamin A: milk, meats, fatty fish, eggs, fruits, vegetables
Vitamin C: fruits and vegetables
Vitamin E: vegetable oils, avocados, fortified foods
Vitamin D: dairy, fatty fish, fortified foods, egg
What foods provide docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Why is this lipid important in growth of toddlers?
Brain, eye, nervous system.
DHA is found in safe-to-savor coldwater, fatty fishes such as salmon (always choose wild when you can) and cod. DHA-rich eggs, sometimes called omega-3 eggs. algae is an all-natural plant source of DHA, anchoives, herring, sardines, trout, other oily fish, nuts, seeds, wholegrains and dark green, leafy vegetables.
What are the appropriate portion sizes for grains, fruits, and vegetables in toddlers?
Meal planning; 3 meals+2-3 snacks.
Small portion size; milk-0.5 cup, meat/cheese -1oz, bread/small roll-0.5 item, vegetables & fruits & grains – 1Tbsp/yr of age.
My plate for 2yrs; make half your grains whole, & vary your veggies.
Describe a healthy eating environment for a toddler and preschooler. (foods and feeding behavior and surroundings, social / emotional)
Family Dinners, calm enviroment without any distractions
Healthy feeding relationship; encouraging self-feeding, allowing self-regulation of food intake, offering a variety of foods & textures, recognition of developmental abilities, response to hunger & satiety cues, & be a good role model
At what age is it appropriate to serve low-fat or fat-free cow’s milk? Why?
1- 2 years old = whole milk
2+ = skim-2% milk
because the fat is needed for proper brain development
Many toddlers and preschoolers do not meet recommendations for iron, vitamin D and calcium. Describe diseases / symptoms associated with these nutrient deficiencies.
Iron- Iron deficient anemia
Vitamin D- rickets, poor bone formation very weak bones
In what ethnic populations do we see vitamin D deficiency in young children?
Black and Hispanic
A child can meet his/her vitamin D needs by means other than foods or supplements. How?
Sitting in the sun
Compare the protein recommendations of infant, toddlers and preschoolers.
Infants: 1.5 g/kg of body weight
Toddlers: 1.1 g/kg of body weight
Preschoolers: 0.95 g/kg body weight
Adults: 0.8 g/kg body weight
What variables are used to calculate the energy needs (Estimated Energy Requirement - DRI) for preschool children?
Height, weight, age, gender, activity level & CHO, F, P, vitamins and minerals, fiber & fluids.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended fiber intake for a toddler who is 30 pounds and 2 years old? (2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram)
Ideal- 19g this is the DRI. steiman said to was AAP (which is .5g/kg body weight)
Minimum- Age +5g she said this was a good estimate
What are the risk factors for lead poisoning? What are some sources of lead in the environment and how is lead poisoning prevented?
2.2% of children age 1-5 have high blood levels of lead. Ingestion of lead is caused by contamination in environment (canned goods, some ceramic dinnerware, dirt) as well as iron and calcium deficiency (lead binds to same proteins in iron and calcium). Lead poisoning leads to lower IQ, decreased growth and kidney disease later in life. Treatment for lead poisoning is to get lead out of the environment and a routine screening.
What are food allergies? Name 8 common food allergens. Describe common and life threatening symptoms/signs associated with food allergies.
When the body makes antibodies to an allergen and is related to the immune system. Allergies can be antibody mediated or immediated. Making antibodies to proteins found in food and won’t break them down but absorb whole proteins instead.
Common Food Allergies:
animal – fish, shellfish, milk, egg*most common
plant – soy, wheat, peanut, treenuts
Most will grow out of milk, egg, and soy
Symptoms
skin and gastrointestinal tract problems –skin, diarrhea, airway block
respiratory shock - treat by epinephrine (epi-pens)
Life-threatening allergies – peanuts, treenuts, shellfish
Treatment
Follow children and make aware of allergy everywhere child goes (daycare, friends, restaurants, etc.)
Government requires any food allergen foods to be labeled! (Label law)
Describe the difference between food allergies and food intolerances. What are some food agents that can cause food intolerances?
Differences between food intolerances and food allergies is food intolerances are delayed, do not involve antibodies and affect the GI tract. Food allergies are immediate, antibody mediate and involve an airway, the GI tract and the skin. Some common food agents that cause food intolerances are lactose food ((most common and affects among 10% of Americans. Lactase isn’t present to break down lactose)), additives like sulfites ((they add sulfites to maintain the color of the foods. Sulfites are also found in wine, monosodium glutamate (MSG) [an additive that is added to a of Asian foods. Sulfites are also found in dry foods since they slow down the browning.)); Salicyates ((aspirin found in beer, coffee and wine. Salicylates include peptobismol, noxzema))
