exam 2 updated Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
OMM steps
A
1 screen (TART)
2 scan/regional where?
3 segmental what?
2
Q
positive standing flexion
A
illiosacral issue
3
Q
positive seated flexion
A
sacroilliac issue
4
Q
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
A
upper brachial plexus injury
C5-6
cause: fall on neck, pulling head durning birth
affect: medical rotation, extension, pronation
5
Q
Klumpke Palsy
A
lower brachial plexus
T1 (sometimes C7/8)
finger/hand muscle loss
6
Q
Saturday Night Palsy
A
radial nerve compression
“falls asleep on chair”
7
Q
Thoracic outlet
A
something compresses space between clavicle and 1st rib
cause: hypertropy of scaline, elevated 1st rib, apical tumor, trauma, pec minor tightness
8
Q
brakes at
1 surgical neck
2 midshaft
3 supracondylar
4 medial epicondyle
A
1 axillary n
posterior circumflex humeral a
2 deep brachial a
radial n
3 brachial a
median n
4 ulnar n
9
Q
Euk ribosome
A
60+40=100s
28s ribosyme with peptidyl transferase activity
10
Q
Prok ribosome
A
50+30= 70s
23 s rRNA ribosyme with peptidyl transferase
11
Q
chloramphenicol
A
peptidyl tranferase (50s)
12
Q
erythromycin
A
elongation by binding exit channel (50s)
13
Q
steptomycin
A
translation from initiation to elongation (30s)
14
Q
tetracycline
A
aminoacul-tRNA from binding to A site (30s)
15
Q
diptheria toxin
A
binds to receptor, cleaves into fragments, enters cell,
inactivates EF2
16
Q
Ricin toxin
A
depruinates specific A residue on 28s from rRNA, impairs ribosome activity
17
Q
thrombocytopenia
A
large amounts of TPO
mutations in TPO restructures 5’ mRNA
inefficient translation initiation at start codon
high TPO
18
Q
Cancer, MdM2
A
large amounts of MdM2
tumor cells activate downstream promoter that eliminates upstream AUG
effective translation
increases MdM2
19
Q
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
and
CF
problem and treatment
A
premature termination codon
treated with aminoglycoside anitbiotics like gentamycin
binds to premature stop codon for a read through
20
Q
Treacher collins
A
TCOF1 gene binding error
21
Q
acetylcholine affect on cardiac, salivary, skeletal
A
cardiac- decrease firing GPCR
salivary- increase secretion GPCR
skeletal- increase contraction skeletal muscles ligand Na+
22
Q
acetylcholine to smooth muscle relaxation
A
acetylcholine activation GPCR and Ca2+
NOS takes arginine + NADPH to NO+ citrillene + NADH+
NO activates guanylyl cyclase
GMP to cGMP
activates protein kinase G
add P group to protein
smooth muscle relaxation
23
Q
viagra
A
inhibits PDE 5
which takes cGMP to GMP
inhanced smooth muscle relaxation
24
Q
nitroglycerin
A
used for chest pain
elevates NO
elevated cGMP
increases smooth muscle contraction
25
androgen receptor
antiangrogens can bind to prevent signaling
hydrophobic molecule
26
Tomoxifen
tomoxifen competes with estrogen for ER
hydrophobic molecule
27
Aromatase inhibitor
aromatase is an enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis
28
Peroxisome Proliferater activated receptor (PPAR)
fenofibrate binds, activates LPL
thiazolidine binds decrease insulin resistence
29
cyclins bind CDK which
activate target protein by phosphorylation
30
p21 and p27
cyclin-CDK complex inhibitors
31
RB
binds to E2F to inactivate
E2F will not be able to continue cell progression
32
P53
senses DNA damage
regulates expresssion of p21
(p21 will arrest cell cycle)
33
actin
2 strands
G actin + end adds using ATP
G actin removed from - end with ADP
moves fibroblasts
myosin moves towards plus end
34
phaloidin
stabilize actin
35
microtubules
alpha and beta dimers
13 strand, hollow tube
- end capped
+ end add and removes with GTP and GDP
Dyenin torwards -
Kinesin towards +
aster- at polls, short
kinetochore- near centrosome, helps chromosomes
polar- grow to push apart
36
taxanes
vinca alkaoids
poisons for microtubles
taxanes- stabilize
vinca alkaloids destabilize
37
intermediate fillaments
structural support
8 strands, robe like fillaments
38
look over examples of binding proteins
...
39
3 precursers to gluconeogenesis
glycerol to g-3-p glycerol kinase
g-3-p to DHAP via glycerol-3p dehydrogenase
lactate to pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase
AA to pyruvate, OAA, TCA
40
E requirements for gluconeogensis
where does the E come from
4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH
beta oxidation
41
OAA to cytoplasm
malate shuttle
42
alcohol
takes NAD+, cannot run malate shuttle
43
DM
no insulin, no inhibition of PEPCK
+ gluconeogenesis
44
Bypass 1
pyruvate to OAA via pyruvate carboxylase and biotin
OAA to PEP via PEPCK
and malate shuttle
45
Bypass 2
fructose 1,6 BP to Frutose 6 P via F1,6 BPase
46
Bypass 3
g-6-p to glucose via g-6-phosphatase
47
insulin in gluconeogenesis
activator PFK-2 and F2,6 BP
inactivtor F2,6 BPase
48
glucagon
inactivator PFK-2
activator frutose-6-p
f2,6 BP
49
high energy
gluconeogenesis on
glycolysis off
50
glycogen formation
3 steps
1. formation of UDP-glucose
glucose to g-6-p via glucokinase
g-6-p to g-1-p phosphoglucomutase
g-1-p +UTP to UDP-glucose
2. elongation
alpha 1,4 bond between C4 nonreducing glycogen
and C1 UDP-glucose via glycgoen synthase
3. branch formation
hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 chain
moves 6-8 glucose from non reducing to internal position
creates alpha 1,6 bond
this is done by branching enzyme
on in fed state
activated by insulin, high E
glucose, g-6-p
51
glycogenolysis
-shorten chain (glycogen phosphorylase and PLP)
digest alpha 1,4 bond at nonreducing end
makes glucose-1-p and glucogen n+1
-branch removal (debranching enzyme)
net transfer of 3 glucose segments from branch point to nonreduing ends removal of alpha 1,6 bond via glucosidase product: glucose
on is fasting state
activated by glucagon, epi, low energy
52
subunit and catagories of GPRC
subunits
alpha- GTP bound
beta
gamma
catagories
Gs- stimulating, elevates cAMP
Gi- inhibitory
Gq- modulate phospholipase C activity
G12/13- cytoskeltal recongnition and oncogenes
53
cholera toxin
modifies Gs
increases adenyline cyclase, increase cAMP
increases CFTR
increase efflus Cl- and H2O
54
Pertussus Toxin
modifies alpha subunit of Gi
alpha unit is inactive, no inhibition of adenyline cyclase
increase cAMP
increase CFTR
55
P13K
involved in cell growth/survival
phosphoylates PIP3 which is the donating site of AKt (regulates cell growth/survival)
56
PTEN
PIP3 phosphatase
Akt conntact bind, cell growth
tumor suppressor
57
Ras
G protein with GTPase activate
phosphorylates proteins
regulated by GEF (activates)
and GAP
58
HER2
epidermal growth factor receptor
cancer HER2 activation
increase P13, increases Akt, increase proliferation of cells and decrease apopotis
59
Herceptin
decrease activation of MAPk, decrease aKt
stops cell cycle
60
capases
inactivated proteases carry out apoptosis
initiator and executor
61
Necrosis
energy depletion and cells bursts
62
cytochrom c
leads to capase activation cascase
63
Blc2
anti apoptosis
64
Bax, bak, bad, bim
promote apoptosis
65
CCK
decreases gastric mobility
increases bile release from gallbladder
increases release of pancreatic enzymes
66
secretin
promotes bicarb release by pancreas and liver to SI
this neutralizes partially digested food
67
chylomicron proteins
used for dietary lipids
Apo b48- main structure
Apo C II- cofactor for LPL
releases TAD and glucerol
APO E- reminents to liver
68
palmitic acid
16:0
69
palmitoleic acid
16:1 (9)
70
stearic acid
18:0
71
oleic acid
18:1 (9)
72
linoleic acid
18:2 (9, 12)
73
alpha linolenic acid
18:3 (9,12,15)
74
arachidonic acid
20:4 (5, 8, 11, 14)
75
methotrexate
competetive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase
decreases THF
blocks IMP formation
76
sulfonamides
inhibit folic acid, decrease THF
inhibits difhydrolevate synthetase
77
adenosine demainase deficiency
purine nuclodisde phorphorylase deficiency
SCID
increase dATP
decrease ribonucleotide reductase
decrease DNA synthesis and cell devision
increase s-adenosylhomocystine
78
allopurinol
inhibits xanthine oxidase
79
sulfinpyrazone
other gout treatment
decreases uric acid absorption
increase solubility of xanthine and hypoxanthine
80
lesch nyhan syndrome
HGPRT deficiency
no hypoxanthine to IMP
no guanine to GMP
increases uric acid
increases de novo
decreases salvage
gouty arthritis
81
FA synthesis
acetyl CoA to malonyl coA
by
acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC)
and biotin
rate limiting
82
ACC
inactivated by AMPK (AMP dependent kinase)
AMPK active with phosphorlyation of PKA
activated by protein phosphatse (removes phosphate group)
83
FA to mito
carnitine shuttle
84
acetyl coA to cytosol
citrate shuttle
85
beta oxidation
1. dehydrogenase oxidases CC-C to trans C=C, makes FADH2
2. hydration of double bond by hydrolase
3. 2nd oxidation at beta carbon by dehydrogenase makes NADH
4. cleavage of C-C, makes 2 acetyl-Coa
86
HSL (hormone senstive lipase)
causes TAG degradation (lipolipase)
activated by PKA
87
ficks law 1
J=AD (delta c/ delta x)
88
ficks law 2
T=(1/2D)(delta x)^2
89
effective osmoles
sigma= 1.0
cannot pass
concentration gradiant
increases tonicity
ex electolytes, proteins, sucrose
90
ineffective osmoles
sigma=0
easily cross membrane
91
ICF and EFC are at osmotic equillibrium?
yes
92
3 types of ATPase
P type
F type and V type
ABC
93
CFTR
special ion channel
but it looks like AVC
94
transcellular
through cells
95
paracellular
in between cells
96
3 catalytic subunits of PDH
E1- pyruvate dehydrogenase
E2- dihydrolipoamide acetyl transferase
E3- dihydroipoamide dehydrogenase
co enzymes
CoA (B5, pantothenic acid)
thiamin (B1)
FAD (B2, riboflavin)
NAD (B3, niacin)
produces:
2 CO2
2FADH2
2 NADH
2 CoA
97
PDH kinase
inhibits PDH by adding phosphate
activators:
ATP
NADH
acetyl Coa
Ca2+
inhibitors
ADP
pyruvate
98
PDK phosphatese
activates PDH by removing phosphate
activators:
Ca2+
insulin
99
Beri Beri
low thaimine
neuro complications
100
wernicke's korsafkoff
low thiamine
neuro/pysch
101
biotin
coenzyme for pyruvate carboxylase
102
thiamine
required fro PDH and alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
103
catagorical
qualitative
subcatagories:
-ordinal
-nominal
104
nominal
no order
es: eye colors, gender, race, nationality
105
ordinal
with order but not equal distance
A>B>C
ex: grade, rank
106
numerical
parametric, quanttative
subcatagories:
ratio
interval
107
ratio
discrete:
specific number
# of products
continuous
ex distance, BP, height, weight
108
interval
no true 0
temp in F
ex: IQ, GRE score, scales (strongly agree)
109
frozen section
inoperative
110
4 types of tissues
epithelial- H and E
connective- H
muscle- E
nervous
111
apical
lumen/outside
112
basal
connect to underlying tissues
113
loose connective tissue types
areolar, adipose, hematopoietic, reticular
114
dense connective
regular, irregular
115
carticlage
hyaline, elsatic, fibrocartilate, articular
116
bone
cancellous, compact
117
areolar
sits under epithelium
c-host defense
f-collagen
g-hyaluronic acid
118
adipose
E storage
c- adipocyte
f-reticular fibers, collagen, elastin
g- hyaluronic acid
119
reticular tissue
in lymphoid organs
c- lyphocytes, reticulocytes, reticular cells
f- reticular
g- hyaluronic acid
120
hemopoietic
c- precursers to blood cells
f-reticular
g- hyaluronic acid
121
dense irregular
criss cross collagens
c-fibroblasts
f- collagen
g- hyaluronic acid
122
dense regular
parallel collagen
c-fibrocytes
f- collagen, sometimes elastin
g- hyaluronic acid
123
bones
c-osteoblasts, ostoclasts, osteoclasts
f- collagen (strength)
g-hydroxyappetite (hard)
glycosaminoglycans
124
cartilage
c- chondroblasts (outer matrix)
chondrocytes (support matrix, deeper)
f- type II collagen
G-aggrecan, hyaluronic acid, core protein, sulfated glycosaminoglycans
hylalin- costal cartilage
elastic- ear
fibrocartilage- tough, intervertebral discs
aricular- discs, no parichiondrium, good for progression
125
ependylmal
line ventricles, buffers CNS and CSF
126
pseudounipolar
peripheral sensory
127
golgi type 1
large projection
128
golgi type 2
small interneurons
ex granule cell
