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PSCI 112D > Exam 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocab Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

the idea that individuals’ behavior is influenced by others’ expectations for them.

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2
Q

family systems theory

A

a perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as maternal, parent-child, sibling).

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3
Q

midlife crisis

A

a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents’ parents.

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4
Q

familism

A

an orientation toward life in which the needs of one’s family take precedence over the needs of the individual.

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5
Q

generational dissonance

A

divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.

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6
Q

parental responsiveness

A

one of the two important dimensions of parenting; responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner.

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7
Q

parental demandingness

A

one the two important dimensions of parenting; demandingness refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child.

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8
Q

authoritative parents

A

parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction.

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9
Q

authoritarian parents

A

parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium in obedience and conformity.

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10
Q

indulgent parents

A

parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness.

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10
Q

indifferent parents

A

parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness.

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11
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the scientific study of genetic influences on behavior.

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12
Q

molecular genetics

A

the scientific study of the structure and function of genes.

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13
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene.

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14
Q

shared environmental influences

A

nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other.

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15
Q

nonshared environmental influences

A

the nongenetic influences in individuals’ lives that make them different from people they live with.

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16
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

a perspective on psychological disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to stress in the environment.

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17
Q

differential susceptibility theory

A

the idea that the same genetic tendencies that make an individual especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences also make him or her likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences.

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18
Q

sibling rivalry

A

competition between siblings, often for parental attention.

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19
Q

foster care

A

a placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child’s parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety.

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20
Q

possible selves

A

the various identities an adolescent might imagine for him- or herself.

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21
Q

future orientation

A

the extend to which an individual is able and inclined to think about the potential consequences of decisions and choices.

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22
Q

self-conception

A

the collection of traits and attributes that individuals use to describe or characterize themselves.

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23
Q

self-esteem

A

the degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about themselves.

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24
sense of identity
the extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and who they are becoming.
25
false-self behavior
behavior that intentionally presents a false impression to others.
26
five-factor model
the theory that there are five basic dimensions to personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
27
self-consciousness
the degree to which an individual is preoccupied with his or her self-image.
28
self-image stability
the degree to which an individual's self-image changes from day to day.
29
identity versus identity diffusion
according to Erikson, the normative crisis characteristic of the fifth stage of psychosocial development, predominant during adolescence.
30
psychosocial moratorium
a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities.
31
identity diffusion
the incoherent, disjointed, incomplete send of self characteristic of not having resolved the crisis of identity.
32
identity foreclosure
the premature establishment of a sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred.
33
negative identity
the selection of an identity that is obviously undesirable in the eyes of significant others and the broader community.
34
identity status
the point in the identity development process that characterizes an adolescent at a given time.
35
agency
the sense that one has an impact on one's world.
36
ethnic identity
the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership.
37
ethnic socialization
the process through which individuals develop an understanding of their ethnic or racial background, also referred to as racial socialization.
38
immigrant paradox
the fact that on many measures of psychological functioning and mental health, adolescents who have immigrated more recently to the United States score higher on measures of adjustment than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose family has lived in the United States for several generations.
39
multidimensional model of racial identity
a perspective on ethnic identity that emphasizes three different phenomena: racial centrality (how important race is in defining individuals' identity), private regard (how individuals feel about being a member of their race), and public regard (how individuals think others feel about their race).
40
multiethnic
having two parents of difference ethnic or racial backgrounds.
41
gender identity
one's sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender.
42
sexual orientation
whether one is sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex, other sex, or both.
43
gender-role behavior
the extent to which an individual behaves in traditionally "masculine" or "feminine" ways.
44
transgender
having a gender identity that differs from the sex one was assigned at birth.
45
gender intensification hypothesis
the idea that pressures to behave in sex-appropriate ways intensify during adolescence.
46
emotional autonomy
the establishment of more adult-like and less childish close relationships with family members and peers.
47
behavioral autonomy
the capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them.
48
cognitive autonomy
the establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs.
49
detachment
in psychoanalytic theory, the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures.
50
individuation
the progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, independent person.
51
psychological control
parenting that attempts to control the adolescent's emotions and opinions.
52
prosocial behavior
behaviors intended to help others.
53
preconventional moral reasoning
the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action.
54
conventional moral reasoning
the second level of moral development, which occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society.
55
postconventional moral reasoning
the level of moral reasoning during which society's rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative, also called principal moral reasoning.
56
moral disengagement
rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts.
57
emotional intelligence
the ability of individuals to accurately recognize and label their own emotions and those of others.
58
civic engagement
involvement in political and community affairs, as reflects in knowledge about politics and current affairs, participation in conventional and alternative political activities, and engaging in community service.
59
service learning
the process of learning through involvement of community service.
60
religiosity
the degree to which one engages in religious practices, such as attending services.
61
spirituality
the degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life.
62
secondary education
middle schools, junior high schools, and high school.
63
comprehensive high school
an educational institution that evolved during the first half of the 20th century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents.
64
social promotion
the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance.
65
critical thinking
thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it.
66
standards-based reform
policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests.
67
common core
a proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all American schools would be expected to use.
68
charter schools
public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.
69
vouchers
government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition.
70
schools within schools
subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness.
71
junior high school
an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education in which young adolescents are school separately from older adolescents.
72
middle school
an educational institution housing 7th and 8th grader students along with adolescents who are 1-2 years younger.
73
tracking
the practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they can take classes with peers at the same skill level.
74
gifted students
students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance.
75
learning disability
a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problems or sensory dysfunction.
76
dyslexia
impaired ability in reading or spelling.
77
dysgraphia
impaired ability in handwriting.
78
dyscalcula
impaired ability in arithmetic.
79
mainstreaming
the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms.
80
big fish--little pond effect
the reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparable successful individuals with lower-achieving peers.
81
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness, often in school situations.
82
social capital
the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family.
83
self-fulfilling prophecy
the idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them.
84
student engagement
the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.
85
zero tolerance
a get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction.
86
noncognitive factors
influences on achievement that do not have to do with intellectual ability, such as determination, perseverance, and grit.
87
delay of gratification
the capacity to wait longer to get a larger, better, or more valuable reward instead of a smaller, less attractive, or less valuable one that is available immediately.
88
Yerkes-Dodson law
a basic psychological principle that states that performance is impaired by too little or too much arousal or anxiety.
89
underachievers
individuals whose actual school performance is lower than what would be expected on the basis of objective measures of their aptitude or intelligence.
90
self-handicapping
deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well in order to have an excuse for failing.
91
mastery motivation
motivation to succeed based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task.
92
performance motivation
motivation to succeed based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance.
93
stereotype threat
the harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance.
94
growth mindset
believing that intelligence is malleable and can be "grown" over time.
95
self-efficacy
the sense that an individual has some control over his or her life.
96
achievement attributions
the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his success and failures.
97
learned helplessness
the acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through his or her own efforts or actions.
98
cultural capital
the resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture."
99
school performance
a measure of achievement based on an individual's grades in school.
100
academic achievement
achievement that is measured by standardized tests of scholastic ability or knowledge.
101
educational attainment
the number of years of school completed by an individual.
102
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
a periodic testing of American 4th, 8th, and 12th graders by the federal government, used to track achievement.
103
family capital
the economic, social, and cultural resources provided by the family.
104
social promotion
the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance.
105
work values
the particular sorts of rewards an individual looks for in a job (extrinsic, intrinsic, social, altruistic, security, influence, leisure).
106
occupational attainment
a measure of achievement based on the status or prestige of the job an individual holds.

PSCI 112D (3 decks)

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