Exam #2 Vocabulary

Question 1

Varicocele

Answer 1

Enlargement of veins in scrotum can affect sperm production

Question 2

Cervical mucous

Answer 2

if too thick can prevent sperm from traveling

Question 3

Ingression

Answer 3

migration of cells from surface to interior

Question 4

Sperm capacitation

Answer 4

Incubation within female reproductive tract (5-6 hrs primates) (1 hr mouse)

Question 5

Acrosome Reaction

Answer 5

Allows sperm to dissolve through Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida (involves hyaluronidase and acrosin enzymes)

Question 6

TCTE - 1 Receptor

Answer 6

species specific biding of sperm and egg

Question 7

Second messenger systems:

Answer 7

• Protein Kinase C
• Inositol Tri Phosphate
• Both secondary messengers cause Ca^2+ to release from E.R. and an increase in protein synthesis

Question 8

Microlecithal

Answer 8

• small amount of yolk
• amphioxus and mammals

Question 9

Mesolecithal

Answer 9

• moderate amount of yolk
• amphibians and cyclostomes (lamprey), lung fish

Question 10

Macrolecithal

Answer 10

• Large amount of yolk
• most fish, reptiles, aves, and monotremes

Question 11

Oligolecithal (isolecithal)

Answer 11

even yolk distribution
- most microlecithal eggs

Question 12

Telolecithal

Answer 12

uneven yolk distribution
- most mesolecithal and macrolecithal eggs

Question 13

Centrolecithal

Answer 13

Central yolk distribution
- insects and arthropods

Question 14

White Yolk:

Answer 14

High protein
Low fat
- deposited during night
- Latebra = Center
- Nucleus of Pander = Flare @ blastoderm
- Outermost layer of yolk always white

Question 15

Yellow YolK:

Answer 15

High fat
- deposited during day

Question 16

Oviparity

Answer 16

animals that lay or spawn their eggs
ex. fish, amphibians, birds, monotremes, reptiles

Question 17

Viviparity

Answer 17

animals that retain fertilized eggs in the mother’s body and living young are hatched or delivered (live birth)
ex. in all groups except turtles, aves, crocodiles, cyclostomes

Question 18

Ovoviviparity

Answer 18

Mother’s body for protection, nutrients are stored in the egg which develops and hatches in mothers body
ex. sharks and snakes

Question 19

Euviviparity

Answer 19

Embryo cannot survive without nourishment supplied by mother’s body
ex. placental and marsupial mammals

Question 20

Anamniotes

Answer 20

animals that do not have extraembryonic membranes during their development
ex. cyclostomes, fish, amphibians

Question 21

Amniotes

Answer 21

animals that have extraembryonic membranes during their development
ex. reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 22

Holoblast (cleavage pattern)

Answer 22

having cleavage planes that divide the egg into separate blastomeres

Question 23

Meroblastic (discoidal) (cleavage pattern)

Answer 23

incomplete cleavage as a result of having a mass of yolk material present

Question 24

Meridinal

Answer 24

cleavage direction
pole to pole axis

Question 25

Equatorial

Answer 25

cleavage direction along equator

Question 26

Totipotent

Answer 26

Cells that are able to give rise to all embryonic and extraembryonic structures ex. zygotes

Question 27

Cleavage

Answer 27

Subsequent mitotic division of zygote restores nuclear to volume ratio

Question 28

In Morula

Answer 28

result of cleavage Mass of cells, usually 32 - 64 cell stage

Question 29

In Blastula

Answer 29

result of cleavage Mass of cells with hollow center, 128 cell stage

Question 30

Gastrulation

Answer 30

Process that establishes the three primary germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)

Question 31

Deuterostome

Answer 31

Blastopore becomes anus (chordates)

Question 32

Protostome

Answer 32

Blastopore becomes mouth (many invertebrates)

Question 33

Neurulation

Answer 33

Formation of a neural tube and associated nervous structures

Question 34

Animal Pole

Answer 34

ectoderm, cranial

Question 35

Vegetal Pole

Answer 35

endoderm, caudial

Question 36

Gray Crescent

Answer 36

Migration of dark animal pole cytoplasm toward point of sperm entry determines mid-dorsal axis of embryo

Question 37

Blastocyst = Blastula

Answer 37

inner cell mass forms the body of embryo, has epiblast and hypoblast portion, like avians

Question 38

Trophoblast

Answer 38

forms fetal portion of placenta

Question 39

Determinant:

Answer 39

Instruction built in, what happens is largely independent of environment (worms)

Question 40

Regulative

Answer 40

Instructions come from outside, what happens is highly dependent on environment (vertebrates)

Question 41

Invagination

Answer 41

depression of large area of embryo

Question 42

Epiboly

Answer 42

Surface sheet of cells spread migrate into grove (blastopore) on grey crescent

Question 43

Pregastrulation

Answer 43

Blastoderm delaminates into two parts - epiblast: embryo body - Hypoblast: Extraembryonic endoderm + germ cells

Question 44

A. Epiblast

Answer 44

-portion forms Amnionic Ectoderm (Amnion) -portion forms Primitive Streak which establishes 3 primary germ layers +Bottle Cells: migrating cells that produce hyaluronic acid, this binds water, prevents cell aggregations

Question 45

B. Hypoblast

Answer 45

-Extraembryonic endoderm -Derives yolk sac

Question 46

Synctiotrophoblast

Answer 46

-Chemically digests endometrium to implant -Multinucleated mass of cells -Does not exhibit HLA antigens -Prevents immune rejection

Question 47

Cytotrophoblast

Answer 47

- Forms the chorion

Question 48

General Epithelium Derivatives:

Answer 48

-Epidermis of Skin, Glands, Tooth Enamel

Question 49

Stomodeum/ Rathke's Pouch/ Proctodeum

Answer 49

-Mouth, Ant. Pituitary, Anus

Question 50

Neural Tube Derivatives

Answer 50

-Brain, Spinal Cord, Retina, Posterior Pituitary

Question 51

Neural Crest Derivatives

Answer 51

-Spinal Nerve Ganglia -Visceral Skeleton -Branchiometric Muscles, Cornea, Adrenal Medulla, Pigment Cells

Question 52

Somatic Mesoderm:

Answer 52

-Appendicular skeleton, -Dermis of Skin -Blood Vessels

Question 53

Splanchnic Mesoderm:

Answer 53

-Heart -Blood -Lymphatic Cells -Adrenal Cortex -Smooth Muscle -Hematopoetic Liver and Spleen