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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Appositional Growth

A

To place one layer of bone, cartilage, or other connective tissue against another layer

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2
Q

Calcification

A

The process where calcium salts deposited and hardened within the bone tissue; apart of the process of ossification

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3
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone released from parafollicular cells that acts on tissues to cause a decrease in blood levels of calcium ions

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4
Q

Canaliculi

A

Little narrow spaces that house osteocyte cell extensions

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5
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, smooth, resilient, nonvascular connective tissue

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6
Q

Central canal

A

Known as the Haversian Canal, A tube in the center of an osteon in compact bone that holds blood vessels and nerves.

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7
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cartilage producing cells

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8
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature cartilage cell

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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10
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

The process where bone forms by replacing cartilage, mostly occurring in long bones like the femur

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11
Q

Endosteum

A

Membranous lining of the medullary cavity and the cavities of spongy bone

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12
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Site at which bone length growth occurs; located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. Area of the hyaline cartilage where cartilage growth is followed by endochondral ossification also referred to as metaphysis

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13
Q

Epiphysis

A

Portion of a bone developed from a secondary ossification center and separated from the remainder of the bone by the epiphyseal plate

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14
Q

Flat Bone

A

Thin, flattened bones that protect organs and provide surface area for muscle attachment, like the skull, ribs, and sternum.

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15
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

The process where flat bones form directly from mesenchymal (embryonic) tissue without using cartilage.

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16
Q

Irregular Bone

A

One of the three primary bone shapes; Bones with complex shapes that don’t fit into other categories, like the vertebrae and some facial bones.

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17
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces in bone tissue that house osteocytes (bone cells).

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18
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

Strong, mature bone with organized layers (lamellae); replaces weaker, immature bone

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19
Q

Long Bone

A

Bones longer than they are wide, with a shaft and two ends like the femur or humerus.

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20
Q

Marrow Cavity

A

The central space inside long bones that contains bone marrow (same as medullary cavity).

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21
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

The hollow center of a long bone’s shaft that holds yellow or red marrow.

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22
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end) of a long bone; includes the growth plate.

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23
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation; also called osteogenesis

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24
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone-forming cell

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25
Osteochondral Progenitor Cell
A stem cell that can become either a bone-forming osteoblast or a cartilage-forming chondroblast.
26
Osteoclasts
A large, multinucleated cell that absorbs bone
27
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix
28
Osteon
Central canal containing blood capillaries and the concentric lamellae around it; occurs in compact bone; also called haversian canal
29
Parathyroid Hormone
Peptide hormone produced by the parathryoid gland; increases bone break down and blood calcium levels
30
Perforating Canals
Deliver blood to the central canals of the osteon and run perpendicular to the central canals of the osteons
31
Perichondrium
A double-layered outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts
32
Periosteum
Thick, double-layered connective tissue sheath covering the entire surface of a bone, except for the articular surface; which is covered with cartilage
33
Red Marrow
Soft, pulpy connective tissue filling the cavities of the bone; gradually replaced by yellow marrow in long bones and the skull
34
Short Bone
Cube-shaped bones that provide support and stability with little movement, ike wrist and ankle bones.
35
Sponge Bone
Light, porous bone tissue found at the ends of long bones and in flat bones; contains red marrow.
36
Suture
An immovable joint between skull bones.
37
Yellow Marrow
Fat-storing marrow found in the medullary cavity of long bones.
38
Amphiarthrosis
A slightly movable joint, like the joint between vertebrae.
39
Articular Cartilage
Smooth cartilage covering the ends of bones in joints, reducing friction.
40
Bursa
A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues like bone, muscle, and skin.
41
Diarthrosis
A freely movable joint, such as the shoulder or knee
42
Fibrous Joint
A joint where bones are connected by fibrous tissue; mostly immovable.
43
Gomphosis
A type of fibrous joint where a tooth fits into its socket.
44
Ligament
A band of tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
45
Meniscus
C-shaped cartilage in certain joints (like the knee) that cushions and stabilizes movement.
46
Sweat Glands
Skin glands that produce sweat to help regulate body temperature.
47
Symphysis
A joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage, like the pubic symphysis.
48
Synarthrosis
An immovable joint, like sutures in the skull.
49
Syndesmosis
A fibrous joint where bones are held together by a ligament, like the tibia and fibula.
50
Synchrodrosis
A joint where bones are joined by cartilage, often temporary, like growth plates.
51
Synovial Joint
A freely movable joint with a fluid-filled cavity, like the hip or elbow.
52
Synovial Membrane
The inner lining of a synovial joint that produces synovial fluid.
53
Tendon
A tough connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
54
A Band
Length of myosin myofilament in a sarcomere
55
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction by transmitting signals from a nerve to a muscle.
56
Actin
A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle fibers and works with myosin for contraction.
57
Action Potential
An electrical signal that travels along a nerve or muscle cell, triggering a response.
58
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart.
59
Complete Tetany
A sustained, smooth muscle contraction with no relaxation between stimuli.
60
Contraction
The tightening or shortening of muscle fibers to produce movement.
61
Creatine Phosphate
A molecule that quickly provides energy to regenerate ATP during short bursts of activity.
62
Crossbridge
The connection between actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction.
63
Endomysium
A thin connective tissue layer that wraps around each individual muscle fiber.
64
Epimysium
The outermost connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle.
65
F actin
Filamentous actin: a chain of G actin molecules forming part of the thin filament in muscle.
66
Fasciculi
Bundles of muscle fibers grouped together within a muscle.
67
Fast Fibers
Muscle fibers that contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue rapidly (white fibers).
68
G Actin
Globular actin; individual protein units that polymerize to form F actin.
69
H Band or Zone
The part of the A band with only thick filaments (no overlapping actin).
70
I Band
The light band in a sarcomere that contains only thin (actin) filaments.
71
Incomplete Tetany
A state where muscle fibers are stimulated repeatedly but still show slight relaxation between contractions.
72
Intermediate Fibers
Muscle fibers with characteristics between fast and slow fibers, moderate endurance, and strength.
73
Joint
Where two or more bones meet; allows for movement and flexibility.
74
Joint Capsule
A tough outer layer surrounding a synovial joint, providing protection and structure.
75
Joint Cavity
The space inside a synovial joint that contains lubricating synovial fluid.
76
Lag Phase
The brief delay between a muscle stimulus and the beginning of contraction.
77
M Line
The central line of a sarcomere where thick filaments anchor.
78
Motor End Plate
The area on a muscle fiber’s membrane where a motor neuron communicates with the muscle.
79
Motor Neuron
A nerve cell that carries signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles.
80
Motor Unit
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
81
Muscle Fatigue
The decline in ability of a muscle to generate force after prolonged activity.
82
Myoblasts
Embryonic cells that develop into muscle fibers.
83
Myofibrils
Thread-like structures inside muscle fibers made of repeating sarcomeres.
84
Myofilaments
Protein filaments (actin and myosin) within myofibrils responsible for muscle contraction.
85
Myogram
A graph that shows the force of a muscle contraction over time.
86
Myosin
A thick filament protein in muscle that pulls on actin to cause contraction.
87
Myosin Head
Projections on myosin that form crossbridges with actin and "pull" during contraction.
88
Neuromuscular Junction
The point where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.
89
Oxygen Deficit
The temporary lack of oxygen during intense exercise that leads to reliance on anaerobic energy.
90
Perimysium
Connective tissue that wraps around each muscle fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers).
91
Recruitment
The activation of more motor units increases muscle force.
92
Relaxation
The phase when muscle tension decreases and fibers return to resting length.
93
Sarcolemma
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
94
Sarcomere
The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber, made of actin and myosin.
95
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
96
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
A network in muscle cells that stores and releases calcium for contraction.
97
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones for movement.
98
Sliding Filament
The theory that muscles contract as actin slides past myosin, shortening the sarcomere.
99
Slow Fibers
Muscle fibers that contract slowly but resist fatigue (red fibers).
100
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in walls of organs like the stomach and blood vessels.
101
Synaptic Cleft
The gap between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction.
102
Synaptic Terminal
The end of a motor neuron that releases neurotransmitters to stimulate muscle fibers.
103
Transverse Tubules
Tunnels in the sarcolemma that help transmit action potentials deep into the muscle fiber.
104
Tropomysosin
A protein that blocks actin’s binding sites when the muscle is at rest.
105
Troponin
A protein that binds calcium and moves tropomyosin, allowing actin and myosin to interact.
106
Twitch
A single, brief muscle contraction caused by one stimulus
107
Wave Summation
Increased muscle tension caused by repeated stimulation before full relaxation.
108
Z Disk (or line)
The boundary of a sarcomere that anchors thin filaments (actin)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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