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Physical Agents > EXAM 2: Week 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Principles of Electricity

A
  1. Two charges (positive proton, negative electron)
  2. Like charges repel while opposites attract
  3. Charge is neither created nor destroyed
  4. Charge can be transferred from one object to another
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2
Q

Polarity

A

Refers to the charge on an object

  • cathode: negatively charged pole
  • anode: positively charged pole
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3
Q

Voltage

A

Force of attraction or repulsion created by an electrical field, represents potential energy

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4
Q

Greater force = _______ potential energy

A

Greater

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5
Q

Charges in the body

A

Na+
K+
Cl-

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6
Q

Electrochemical gradient with potential energy charges inside and out of cell

A

Greater Na+ outside cell
Greater Cl- inside cell

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7
Q

List conductors and insulators in the body

A
  • Conductors: water/fluids, nerve, muscle tissue
  • Insulators: fat
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8
Q

Current

A

Movement of ions/electrons in response to voltage force

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9
Q

Ohms Law

A

I=V/R
Current = voltage/resistance
Ohm = standard of resistance
More resistance to current, the less current there will be

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10
Q

Capacitance

A

When current is flowing in an insulated area with high resistance, current will slow and charge will start to store in that area

When current flow STOPS, stored energy will flow back through the conductors

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11
Q

Impedance

A

Resistance to the flow of alternating current (gels and adhesive conductive agents help decrease impedance)

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12
Q

Types of Electrical Current

A
  • direct current
  • alternating current
  • pulsed current
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13
Q

Waveforms axis

A

X- time or duration
Y- amplitude or intensity

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14
Q

Types of direct current

A
  • direct
  • interrupted
  • reversed
    -interrupted/reversed
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15
Q

What is the most common use of direct current

A

Iontophoresis

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16
Q

Alternating current

A
  • uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons, must change direction at least once per second

If it does not, it is direct

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17
Q

Pulsed Current

A

Unidirectional OR bidirectional flow of electrons that periodically ceases for a short time period, the interphase/inter pulse interval, before the next event of pulse

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18
Q

Burst (in PC)

A

2+ pulses separated from the next series of pulses

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19
Q

Pulsed Current On Time

A

Duration that a series of pulses or bursts is delivered

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20
Q

Duty Cycle of pulsed current

A

On time/ total time (x 100)
Any 1: 4 RATIO WILL BE 20% DUTY

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21
Q

Amplitude Modulation

A

Gradually/progressively increase current amplitude

22
Q

Phase Charge vs Pulse Charge

A

Phase charge: charge within one phase of a pulse

Pulse charge: charge within a single pulse

23
Q

Effects of electrical current

A
  • electrochemical effects
  • electro thermal effects
  • electrophysical effects
24
Q

Electrochemical effects of electrical current in body tissues

A

AAA- anode attracts acid —> skin hardens
CAB- cathode attracts base —> skin softens

25
Q

Electro thermal effects of electrical current in body tissues

A
  • as particles flow through a conductor, friction occurs as they meet resistance and produce kinetic energy which produces heat
26
Q

Skin resists transcutaneous delivery of current making heat at the electrode site a concern

How do you reduce friction

A

reduce friction by shaving, removing oils, removing lotions

27
Q

True or False: Nerves are depolarized first, then muscles

A

TRUE

28
Q

Levels of response to E-Stim

A

Sensory: perception of pins and needles; simulation of A-B sensory fibers in the superficial dermis

Motor: increased stimulus causes A-alpha motor neuron to depolarize and elicit a motor response

Noxious: further increase in intensity or duration beyond that capable of eliciting sensory or motor response stimulates pain receptors (USED FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSE)

29
Q

Strength Duration Curve (order of depolarization)

A

Sensory, motor, a delta sharp pain, c dull pain, denervated muscles

30
Q

Russian current (burst modulation)

A

Variation of AC used for strengthening muscles

31
Q

High volt pulsed current (HVPC)

A

Continuous, reciprocating, or surge; monophonic

Used for pain modulation, tissue repair, wound healing

32
Q

Interferential current (IFC)

A

Quadripolar or bipolar set ups

Used for pain modulation

33
Q

Clinical devices vs battery powered devices

A

Clinical - line powered, limited portability

Battery - needs batteries, portable, pt can take to do at home

34
Q

Modulator circut

A

Takes original current source and changes it into the desired output current

35
Q

Constant voltage

A
  • voltage force driving the current stays constant and current intensities change
  • current increases/decreases based on resistance of the skin

(Sweat decreases resistance and thus current will increase)

36
Q

Constant Current

A

Maintains constant flow of current by modulating voltage
May be a better choice for tx as intensity is maintained closer to the level required for therapeutic purposes

37
Q

Types of electrodes

A
  • disposable - many shapes and sizes, reusable for multiple applications (18-20 applications)
  • flexible - carbonized silicon rubber, reusable, pliable with good conductivity
  • metal - wet sponge btw metal and tissue, great conductor, lack flexibility
38
Q

Electrode size determined by

A

Goal of tx
Size of tx

Smaller electrode, higher the density will be under it

39
Q

Smaller electrode, ________ density will be under it

A

Higher current density

  • high levels of simulation with small electrode may cause BURNING
  • appropriate for smaller muscles and tx areas
40
Q

Large electrodes = ________ current density

A

Smaller current density = more comfortable

41
Q

E stim uses

A

Activate skeletal muscle performance and strength
Decrease pain
Increase blood flow
Decrease or control edema
Facilitate tissue healing

42
Q

Contraindications for ESTIM

A
  • over pace makers
  • over pregnant women
  • carotid bodies
  • phrenic nerve or urinary bladder stimulators
  • peripheral vascular disease
  • eyes or gonads
  • areas of hemorrhage
  • areas of active osteomyelitis
43
Q

Iontophoresis

A
  • delivery of medications across skin to target tissue through ESTIM
44
Q

Iontophoresis Uses (DC)

A

Soft tissue inflammatory conditions
Neuralgia
Edema
Ischemic skin ulcers
Plantar warts gouty arthritis
Calcification tendinitis
Scar tissue

45
Q

Electromigration physiology of Iontophoresis

A

Using estim to move charge ions into the target tissue
Like charges repel, opposites attract

46
Q

Electroporation physiology of Iontophoresis

A

Increase in porosity of superficial skin in response to ES allows meds to enter target tissue more easily

47
Q

Electroosmotic flow

A
  • when positive and negative electrodes applied to skin , ions of + charge in the extracellular fluid attracted to the cathode & ions of - charge attracted to the anode
  • creates bulk movement of solute in response to the electrical field and helps move ions into the tissue

*human skin contains net negative charge, the direction of electroosmotic flow is from the anode to the cathode

48
Q

Dexmethazone charge

A

A NEGATIVE MEDICATION

49
Q

Current density formula

A

Current amplitude / conductive surface of electrode

50
Q

Iontophoretic equation

A

Dosage = current x duration

51
Q

Typical iontophoresis dosage

A

20-80mA (current) min
- require 5-20 min duration with peak amp of 4 (pts may report burning, itching, or stinging/tingling)

Physical Agents (7 decks)

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