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Human evolution > Exam 2: Week 10 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Week 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Courtship

A

behaviors leading to mate selection
- Short term mates
- Long term mates ⇒ marriage
- Mating has costs and benefits
- Mating with the wrong partner can have serious consequences

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2
Q

what are costs of mating? (6)

A
  • Time
  • Energy
  • Disease risk
  • Predation risk
  • Mating with the wrong mate
  • Successful mating results in investment for one or both partners
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3
Q

what are mate choice consequences for mating with other species? same sex? inbreeding?

A
  • Mating with other species ⇒ inviable offspring
  • Mating with the same sex ⇒ no offspring
  • Mating with close kin ⇒ inbreeding depression
    Note: the mate could be a predator in disguise
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4
Q

sexual cannibalism

A

occurs in widow spiders where females eat their mates
- males don’t necessarily mind being eaten as long as its after mating
- He may never find another female
- His body nourishes the female and her eggs ⇒ his babies
- Courtship signals are critical to prevent being eater before mating

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5
Q

Physical investment (3)

A
  1. gametes
  2. gestation
  3. parental care
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6
Q

what investment comes with producing gametes?

A
  • Eggs are big and expensive
  • Sperm can be expensive too
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7
Q

what investment comes with gestation?

A

usually females do gestation

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8
Q

parental care investment? (M vs F?)

A

Usually but not always females

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9
Q

what does the degree of mate choosiness correlate with?

A
  • Higher investing sex is choosier
    Note: individuals are choosier when mating is more likely to require investment
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10
Q

which sex does the advertisement?

A

mainly by sex specializing in mating effort
- Usually males

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11
Q

which sex does the assessment?

A

sex specializing in parenting effort
- Usually females

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12
Q

what sex makes the choice?

A

mainly by sex specializing in parenting effort
- usually females

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13
Q

Leks

A

males get territory and females will come up to their territory to mate

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14
Q

what’s different about assessing character compared to physical traits

A

its more difficult
- Important for successful reproduction ⇒ especially when both parents need to rear offspring
- courtship in species with long term pair bonds and biparental care is generally elaborate and prolonged => commitment/reliability

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15
Q

what is the importance of courtship feeding?

A

demonstrates ability and willingness to acquire food and indicates good parenting potential

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16
Q

nuptial gift

A

one time offering of food to induce female to mate ⇒ may help nourish offspring
- Nuptial refers to wedding but other species have mating events
- territory provides food resources for self, mates, young

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17
Q

what things are analyzed in comparing options of mates? (3)

A
  • Best genes ⇒ health, vigor
  • Sexy sons ⇒ attractive to females
  • Good parents
    Note: Individuals choose best mates they can afford based on their own quality
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18
Q

T/F matings unlikely to result in offspring have lower investment risk and thus more choosiness

A

False
- less choosiness

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19
Q

what are components of human courtship? (3)

A
  1. advertisement
  2. assessment
  3. choice
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20
Q

advertisement traits? (3)

A
  • physical traits
  • resources
  • character traits
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21
Q

physical traits (3)

A
  • clothing => men wear shoulder pads, hats, boots, etc. for exaggerated height and musculature and women wear clothes and underclothes show off and or exaggerate youthful body shape
  • ornamentation
  • competitive sports
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22
Q

resources (3)

A
  • Cars
  • Clothing/jewelry
  • Other conspicuous status related items
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23
Q

character traits (3)

A
  • Intelligence
  • Creativity
  • Good humor
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24
Q

how to assess physical traits? (2)

A
  • dancing
  • kissing
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25
how to assess character traits? (3)
- Dining together - Cooking - Caring and nurturing activities
26
how to assess resources? (2)
- evidence of potential as good provider - Costly, useless gifts
27
how long can the assessment phase of courtship last?
years - Dating - Sex with contraception - Living together - Engagement
28
what do women invest in when mating? Men?
Women generally have much greater investment in kids ⇒ gestation, lactation, child care; Men regularly invest heavily in family ⇒ choice of wife has profound impact on male reproductive success
29
T/F women are more choosy than men regarding marriage partners?
False - Men and women are both very choosy regarding marriage partners
30
which sex is less choosy regarding short term mates?
men - Men pay female strangers to have sex or stimulate sex with them ⇒ prostitution and other sex work - Women much less frequently pay male strangers to have sex with them
31
what do men vs women lie about on online adds?
- Men lie about their education level income, height, age, and marital status ⇒ 13% online are married - Women lie about their weight, physical appearance, and age and older women understate weight more ⇒ 5lbs in their 20s, 19 lbs in their 40s
32
how often do people describe themselves as below average?
<1% of the time
33
what traits do both men and women prefer? (4)
- kind - understanding - intelligent - healthy
34
what do women desire in marriage partners? (4)
- Able to invest resources in her and her children - Able to physically protect her and her children - Shows promise as a good parent - Sufficiently compatible in goals and inflicting too many costs on her and her children
35
what do men desire in marriage partners?
- good mothers => youth, fertility, promise as a good parent - sexually faithful
36
what are female risks of courtship? (5)
- seducers => false long term intentions, only interested in mating - Unplanned pregnancy - Abandonment - Sullied reputation => less important after birth control invention - also risk Infertility and sexually unfaithful partners
37
male risks in courtship? (2)
- Gold diggers ⇒ accepting gifts with no intention of mating - Forming attachments to someone who is unfaithful or infertile
38
what are characteristics of human mating? (5)
- Private ⇒ different from other primates - Frequent ⇒ hundreds of matings per baby - Continuous receptivity ⇒ matings occur outside window of peak fertility and matings continue when women are pregnant or post menopausal - Relatively prolonged (4 min) - Affectionate ⇒ accompanied by much foreplay, afterplay, cuddling, sleeping together
39
what is the main goal of implantation?
get sperm through the uterus opening which is filled with thick mucus
40
how does ovulation work?
- eggs mature and are stored in the ovaries ⇒ one of the eggs on either of the ovaries are released into the fallopian tube (or ectopic pregnancy occurs) - It can encounter sperm in the fallopian tube if the sperm have made it all the way there - the fertilized egg/zygote goes down the tube and implants on the uterus as a blastocyst on day 7
41
what is the voyage of the sperm? (5)
- 180 million sperm start the voyage - acidic environment of the vagina kills 90% of them - another 90% fail to get through the thick mucus of cervix - massing of white blood cells kills many sperm traveling across the cervix - only a few hundred making it to the fallopian tubes ⇒ one at most fertilize an egg
42
why do males produce so much sperm? (2)
- challenges with the vagina - competition with sperm from other males
43
what challenges occur within the vagina? (3)
- Female protection from pathogens - Ensure only quality sperm get through ⇒ testing for good mitochondria - Limit number of sperm per egg
44
what is mating for?
the perpetuation of the maters genes
45
how do human testes compare to other testes?
average size for body mass - Smaller than chimpanzees ⇒ large testes (Lots of promiscuity among males) - Larger than gorillas ⇒ small testes for body size (Less promiscuity among males)
46
what is a penis for? (4)
- peeing - mating - result of battle of the sexes - various functions
47
what other various functions do penis' have? (5)
- Put sperm as close as possible to the eggs - Remove sperm left by previous males - Stimulate the female - Prolong copulation ⇒ attach male to female - Forced copulations
48
why might the penis inflate? (2)
- Vivid display of male excitement - Honest signal of male health and vigor (not clear)
49
how have the human vagina and penis coevolved together?
the human penis is thicker than chimps and possibly due to the vagina being relatively large in humans from big brained babies - They may have coevolved to match size needed to get a baby out
50
what is unique about ducks? mating coevolution?
Ducks have sex in the water ⇒ harder to establish coaqual kiss in watery environments compared to on land - the organs coil in opposite directions ⇒ designed to make copulation more difficult - Sometimes the females may drown during copulations
51
why might female waterfowls evolved more pouches and spirals?
counter strategies to prevent forced copulations - females are trying to ensure they only copulate with males they choose as partners ⇒ they have lined pouches so ejaculation goes in the wrong places
52
dimensional properties about the human male penis (2)
- about as long but twice as thick as a chimpanzee penis - curious knob on the end ⇒ coronal ridge
53
what might deeper thrusting do? when does it occur?
deeper thrusting removes more sperm; there is deeper thrusting after accusations of female infidelity
54
what is the female sexual response? (4)
- labia and clitoris become engorged with blood ⇒ clitoris is homologous to the penis and hasmany nerve endings which suggests it is only for sexual pleasure - Increased sensitivity - Vagina lubricates, facilitating entrance and thrusting of penis - Stimulation, especially of the clitoris leads to orgasm
55
possible functions of the female orgasm? (5)
- no function - phylogenetic inertia - pole axe hypothesis - up suck hypothesis - mate choice
56
Phylogenetic inertia
holdover from multiple male mating primate ancestors - Orgasm motivated ancestral primates to mate with multiple males - No longer necessary in humans
57
Pole-axe hypothesis
induces female to remain horizontal after mating, thereby preventing semen from oozing out - Induces lethargy Note: much sperm eventually does ooze out as flowback anyway and orgasms occur in quadrupedal animals too
58
Upsuck hypothesis
rhythmic contractions of uterus suck semen into the cerix
59
how often do extra pair copulations occur?
28% of men and 22% of women - Roughly 2% of paternities
60
end card
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Human evolution (10 decks)

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