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Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins

  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Trachea
  • Pharynx
A

respiratory bronchioles

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2
Q

A very high heart rate is referred to as

  • bradycardia
  • tachycardia
  • bradybunching
  • cardyoutputing
A

tachycardia

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3
Q

If TPR or total peripheral resistance rises we would expect that cardiac output would

  • decrease
  • increase
  • not change
A

decrease

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4
Q

Respiratory control centers are located in the

  • midbrain and medulla
  • medulla and pons
  • pons and cerebral cortex
A

medulla and pons

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5
Q

A statin drug such as lipitor is expected to

  • Lower the level of LDL cholesterol
  • Raise the level of LDL cholesterol
  • Lower the level of HDL cholesterol
A

lower to the level of LDL cholesterol

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6
Q

Which would make the oxygen hemoglobin curve shift right?

  • increased H+ concentration
  • increased pH
  • decreased temperature
  • decreased CO2
  • None of the answers are correct.
A

increased H+ concentration

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7
Q

It is possible to attach up to ______ O2 molecules to each hemoglobin molecule.

A

4

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8
Q

In very vigorous exercise cardiac output

  • will rise to higher levels
  • will decrease to allow greater blood flow to the muscles
  • usually remains the same but heart rate rises
A

will rise to higher levels

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9
Q

The primary function of the proximal tubule is

  • filtration.
  • reabsorption of ions, some organic molecules, and water.
  • secretion of acids and ammonia.
  • secretion of drugs.
  • adjusting the urine volume.
A

reabsorption of ions, some organic molecules, and water.

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10
Q

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

  • loss of oxygen in the tissues
  • increase in blood CO2
  • blood become more basic
  • blood becoming more acidic
A

increase in blood CO2

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11
Q

Angioplasty refers to a procedure to:

  • open up a blood vessel using a catheter with a balloon
  • create a bypass of clogged blood vessels
  • relieve the symptoms of asthma
A

open up a blood vessel using a catheter with a balloon

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12
Q

Hypotension refers to:

  • “a heart attack”
  • a pulmonary disorder
  • low blood pressure
  • high blood pressure
A

low blood pressure

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13
Q

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to

  • decrease the temperature of the plasma.
  • increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
  • decrease the partial pressure of nitrogen.
  • increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs.
  • decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
A

decrease the temperature of the plasma.

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14
Q

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

  • only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
  • about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
  • greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
  • not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
A

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

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15
Q 
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the
permeability properties of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*nephron loop
*glomerular filtration membrane
*collecting duct
*distal convoluted tubule
A

nephron loop

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16
Q

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli
producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
*pneumonia
*atherosclerosis
*emphysema

A

emphysema

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17
Q

Which kidney process is always active and always requires energy to occur?

  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
A

secretion

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18
Q 
The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is
called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*renal threshold
*renal capsule
*renal cap
*renal tipover
A

renal threshold

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19
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

  • osmosis
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • active transport
A

diffusion

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20
Q

Blood pressure determinations makes use of sounds named after:

  • Korotkoff
  • Frank
  • Starling
  • Bernard
A

Korotkoff

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21
Q

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

  • the Bohr effect
  • chloride shifting
  • release of hydrogen ion
A

chloride shifting

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22
Q

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________

  • decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
  • decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
  • increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
  • increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
A

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

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23
Q

Asthma is a condition where

  • pulmonary blood flow stops
  • a goal of treatment is to constrict the airways
  • excessive cholesterol is found in the blood
  • excessive mucous production is commonly seen
A

excessive mucous production is commonly seen

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24
Q

White coat hypertension refers to

  • temporary high blood pressure when in a health care office
  • high blood pressure due to tight fitting garments
  • high blood pressure due to taking medicine
A

temporary high blood pressure when in a health care office

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25
Q

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid
in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
*be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
*be actively secreted into the filtrate
*be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport
*appear in the urine

A

appear in the urine

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26
Q 
A rightward shift in the dissociation curves means that hemoglobin has\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ affinity for
oxygen.
*lower
*higher
*no change in
A

lower

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27
Q

Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?

  • portal system
  • arterial shunts
  • vascular sinuses
  • veins containing highly oxygenated blood
A

portal system

28
Q

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?

  • too little protein in the diet
  • high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues
  • damage to the filtration membrane
  • damage to the renal tubules
A

damage to the filtration membrane

29
Q

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

30
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:

  • nephron
  • glomerulus
  • alveolus
  • tubule
A

nephron

31
Q

Which is NOT a typical function of the kidneys?

  • regulation of extracellular fluid volume
  • maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
  • regulation of blood protein levels
  • regulation of blood osmolarity
  • homeostatic regulation of blood pH
A

regulation of blood protein levels

32
Q

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low
to a high altitude because the ________
*temperature is lower at higher altitudes
*concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
*concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

A

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

33
Q

As EDV increases the Cardiac output typically

  • does not change
  • goes up
  • goes down
A

goes up

34
Q

Death of heart muscle cells is called :

  • angioplasty
  • clotting
  • infarction
  • reduction
A

infarction

35
Q

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with
each breath. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

36
Q

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is DECREASED and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis
of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

A

FALSE

37
Q

A typical resting Cardiac output is ______ liters/minute:

A

five

38
Q

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration
membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.
*increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane
*decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration
*increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of
filtration
*no change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration

A

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of
filtration

39
Q

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
*It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers of the lung that were
stretched during inspiration
*it is driven by the levels of blood oxygen
*it requires the contraction of abdominal muscles

A

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers of the lung that were
stretched during inspiration

40
Q 
Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second
is 40%. What does this suggest?
*healthy lungs
*obstructive pulmonary disease
*restrictive pulmonary disease
A

restrictive pulmonary disease

41
Q

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

42
Q

The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.

  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • chloride ions
  • BPG (2,3,DPG)
A

oxygen

43
Q

Lymph vessels collect approximately _____ liters of fluid and return it to the cardiovascular
system each day.

A

three

44
Q

As blood moves down a capillary toward the venous side typically one force does not change

significantly. It is the:
* hydrostatic pressure inside the vessel
* osmotic force in the capillary
* amount of fluid leaving the vessel

A

osmotic force in the capillary

45
Q

One way to paraphrase the Frank-Staling Law of the Heart is:

  • the heart pumps what it gets
  • the heart doesn’t pump forever
  • the heart cries out when it is clogged with plaque
  • hearts pump up and pump down
A

the heart pumps what it gets

46
Q

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

  • Boyle’s Law
  • Henry’s Law
  • Charles’ law
  • Dalton’s law
A

Boyle’s Law

47
Q

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

  • pulmonary ventilation
  • gas exchange
  • internal respiration
  • external respiration
A

pulmonary ventilation

48
Q

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for
example strenuous running?
*diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
*internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
*external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
*diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

49
Q

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

50
Q

Laminar flow in a blood vessel will lead to:

  • quiet with no sound
  • noise with an audible sound
A

quiet with no sound

51
Q

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

  • Vasa recta
  • Efferent arterioles
  • Afferent arterioles
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Glomerulus
A

Glomerulus

52
Q

In the kidney the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels that leads to
preservation of the osmotic gradient is called:
*reflux regurgitation
*countercurrent multiplication
*countercurrent exchange
*influx regurgitation

A

countercurrent exchange

53
Q

Cardiac output may be represented by:

  • Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
  • Heart Rate X blood pressure
  • Heart Rate divided by Blood Pressure
  • None of the other choices listed is correct
A

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

54
Q

Blood vessels loose fluid to their surroundings which becomes

  • a blood clot
  • tissue fluid
  • full of protein
A

a blood clot

55
Q

TV + IRV + ERV.= Which of the following answers?

  • vital capacity
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • tidal capacity
  • total lung volume
A

vital capacity

56
Q

The osmolarity in the bottom of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM.

A

1200

57
Q

High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule

  • Vasa recta
  • Efferent arterioles
  • Afferent arterioles
  • Peritubular capillaries
A

Afferent arterioles

58
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

  • less than the pressure in the atmosphere
  • greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
  • equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
  • grater than the intra-alveolar pressure
A

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

59
Q

Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that
there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

60
Q

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
*humidifying the air before it enters the lung
*warming the air before it enters the lungs
*interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface
tension of alveolar fluid

A

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface
tension of alveolar fluid

61
Q

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

  • as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
  • as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
  • as carbonic acid in the plasma
  • chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
A

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

62
Q

The statement, “in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of
gases in the mixture” paraphrases ________.
*Boyle’s Law
*Henry’s Law
*Charles’ law
*Dalton’s law

A

Dalton’s law

63
Q

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example during vigorous exercise

  • diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
  • internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
  • external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
  • diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

64
Q 
A leftward shift in the dissociation curves means that hemoglobin has\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ affinity for
oxygen.
*lower
*no change in
*higher
A

lower

65
Q

If one humidifies the air from 0% to 100% the PO2 of that air :

  • goes up
  • goes down
  • stays the same
A

goes down

Physiology (4 decks)

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