Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AGM 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Acute incontinence characteristics

A

acute onset, reversible, may have associated dysuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of incontinence

A

acute, stress, urge, overflow, functional, mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

types of persistent incontinence

A

stress, urge, overflow, functional, mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stress incontinence

A

small volumes of leakage caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes of stress incontinence

A

sphincter problems, TURP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

urge incontinence

A

strong, sudden urge with inability to delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cause of urge incontinence

A

overactive bladder contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

overflow incontinence

A

due to urinary retention, may be associated with pelvic/abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

functional incontinence

A

unwilling or unable to reach toilet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

causes of functional incontinence

A

osteoarthritis, dementia etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mixed incontinence

A

usually stress and urge mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to ask about incontinence

A

do you have bladder problems that are bothersome or do you leak urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

reversible causes of incontinence DISAPPEAR mnemonic

A

Delirium, improper fluid Intake, Stool impaction, Atrophic vaginitis/urethritis, Psychological problems, Pharmaceuticals, Excess urine output, Abnormal lab values, Restricted mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what conditions can cause excess urine output

A

DM, hypercalcemia, CHF, other volume overload conditions, venous insufficiency when legs elevate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what medications can cause incontinence

A

diuretics, benadryl, anticholinergics, opioids, calcium channel blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what causes atrophic vaginitis

A

decrease in estrogen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

causes of fixed incontinence

A

age-related weakness in pelvic floor or sphincter, obstruction (BPH or prolapse), neurologic, previous surgery/radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

causes of neurologic incontinence

A

stroke, spinal cord injury/cauda equina, dementia, Parkinsons? DM, MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

normal bladder capacity

A

300-600 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

external bladder sphincter is what kind of muscle

A

skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what parts of bladder/sphincter is smooth muscle

A

detrusor, internal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sympathetic innervation of bladder

A

L1-L3 closes bladder and inhibits parasympathetics to relax bladder and hold urine in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

parasympathetic innervation of bladder

A

S2-S4 contracts bladder to void

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what carries info on bladder fullness to spinal cord

A

afferent pathways via somatic and autonomic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
when does first urge to void bladder occur
150-350 mL
26
what counterbalances bladder pressure
urethral pressure
27
under what circumstances does involuntary bladder contraction occur
neurogenic bladder
28
medications causing incontinence due to reduced control
diuretics, sedatives, tamsulosin (alpha adrenergic blockers), ETOH, caffeine
29
meds causing incontinence due to urinary retention
anticholinergics, psych meds, alpha agonists, calcium channel blockers
30
what is considered urinary retention on post-void residual
>150 mL
31
Major concern with hematuria
cancer until proven otherwise
32
cutoff for microscopic hematuria
3 or more RBCs per hpf in 2 of 3 specimens
33
problem with urine dip re: hematuria
cannot distinguish between myoglobin, hemoglobin, diet
34
major cause of stress incontinence in men
removal of prostate
35
causes of hematuria
UTI, urolithiasis, BPH, cancer, vaginal bleeding, vigorous exercise, urethral trauma, nephritic syndrome
36
high-risk hematuria
smoking, chemical exposure, older than 40, pelvic radiation, analgesic abuse, history of UTIs
37
what suggests kidney etiology of hematuria
protein, creatinine, casts
38
upper urinary tract evaluation
CT, IV urography, renal ultrasound
39
lower urinary tract evaluation
cystoscopy, voided urine cytology
40
only method of reliably detecting transitional cell carcinoma of bladder/urethra
cystoscopy
41
definition of asymptomatic bacteriuria
2 consecutive counts of over 100K of the same bacteria
42
Primary sleep disorders that increase with age
sleep-related breathing disorders, RLS, circadian rhythm disorders
43
age-related changes of total sleep time, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep
decrease
44
age-related changes of daytime napping, stages N1 and N2, wake after sleep onset
increase
45
neck circumference associated with OSA
>16 inches
46
which questionnaire is used to evaluate OSA
STOP-Bang
47
elements of STOP-Bang
Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, BMI, Age, Neck circumference, Gender
48
predisposition to sleep disordered breathing
age over 40, commercial motor vehicle driver, family history, male, obesity, postmenopausal, retrognathia, reduced distance and increased angles from chin to thyroid
49
periodic limb movement disorders
repetitive, stereotypic leg movements that occur during non-REM sleep
50
Restless leg syndrome
uncontrollable urge to move legs with an unpleasant sensation that improves with movement
51
diagnosis of PLMS, RLS
polysomnography for PLMS, RLS is clinical
52
Possible causes or provoking factors for RLS
iron deficiency, meds (antiemetics, antipsychotics, SSRIs, tricyclics, diphenhydramine)
53
treatment for RLS
dopamine agonist (pramipexole, ropinirole), gabapentin
54
rapid eye movement during sleep is associated with what disorders
neurodegenerative
55
cause of insomnia in elderly
degeneration of suprachiasmatic nucleus leading to a reduction in melatonin production and decreased external cues
56
first line treatment for chronic insomnia
CBT-I
57
some agents used for insomnia in older adults
mirtazapine, trazodone, melatonin
58
definition of pulmonary nodule
well-defined lesion less than or equal to 3 cm
59
benign pulmonary nodules appearance
diffuse, central, popcorn, concentric
60
malignant pulmonary nodules appearance
ground-glass, eccentric
61
nodule < 6mm
no follow-up
62
solid nodule less than 8 mm
repeat CT in 6-12 months
63
solid nodule greater than 8 mm
CT in 3 months then 12 months
64
ground glass nodule
CT at 6-12 months
65
part solid between 6-8mm
CT at 3-6 months
66
part sold >8mm
PET/CT with biopsy/resection
67
multiple nodules solid
CT 3-6 months
68
multiple nodules subsolid any size
CT 3-6 months
69
DDX of benign solitary pulmonary nodule
infectious granuloma, hamartoma, AV malformation
70
DDX of malignant solitary pulmonary nodule
Adenocarcinoma, SCC, metastatic disease, small cell carcinoma, carcinoid tumor
71
diagnosis of pulmonary HTN
right heart cath: mean PA>20, pulmonary artery wedge pressure <15, pulmonary vascular resistance > 3 woods units
72
pathophys changes in PAH
arterial remodelling and inflammation, thickening of adventitia and media, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
73
PH group 1
PAH (idiopathic, heritable, drug/toxin-induced)
74
PH group 2
left heart-induced
75
PH group 3
lung disease/hypoxia related
76
PH group 4
chronic thromboembolic
77
PH group 5
unclear/multifactorial
78
Pulm HTN EKG
RAD, RVH, right atrial enlargement, RV strain
79
Pulm HTN CXR
large central pulm arteries, enlarged right heart, could be normal
80
Pulm HTN TTE
elevated right systolic ventricular pressure
81
medication treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary htn
riocoguat
82
treatment of pulm htn
endothelin receptor antagonists (end in -entan), phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (sildenafil), treat underlying conditions

AGM 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions