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BMS 212 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Sterilization

A

Removal or destruction of all microbes

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2
Q

Disinfection

A

Destroying vegetative cells on inanimate objects; 5% bleach solution

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3
Q

Sanitization

A

Cleansing technique on inanimate surfaces; public health code

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4
Q

Antiseptic

A

Chemicals applied to animate surfaces; not as toxic

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5
Q

Degermination

A

Cleansing procedures used on animare surfaces; implies use of rigor

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6
Q

Germicide

A

Chemical agents used on animate and inanimate surfaces; target pathogens

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7
Q

Decontamination

A

Catch-all phrase; destruction, removal, reduction

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8
Q

Thermal death time

A

Shortest time to kill at a set temperature

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9
Q

Thermal death point

A

Temperature required to kill in a set time (ex. 10 minutes)

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10
Q

Burning/incineration

A

Oxidizes all organic material

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11
Q

Steam under pressure

A

Moist heat
Action: coagulating and permanently denaturing proteins; destroy membranes
Uses: heat resistant material; waste
Drawbacks: powders, oils, moisture repelling materials

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12
Q

Boiling

A

Uses: disinfection and sanitization
Goal: reduce/kill vegetative cells

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13
Q

Pasteurization

A

Uses: disinfection and sterilization
Goal: microbial load of pathogens
Types: flash method, ultra-high method

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14
Q

Dry heat

A

Action: dehydration and oxidation of cell components
Limitations: time and temperature
Uses: powders and oils; glassware and metallic instruments susceptible to rust

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15
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Advantages: no heat, very rapid, excellent penetration
Types: cathode rays, gamma rays
Uses: break covalent bonds of DNA, oxidizes other bonds, generate toxic radicals

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16
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Action: create pyrimidine dimers
Drawbacks: poor penetration
Uses: treatment of liquids

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17
Q

Phenols

A

Actions: denature proteins, disrupt cell walls and membranes, disinfectant, minimal/specific antiseptic
Advantages: -cidal, broad soectrum, active in organic loads, activity over prolonged time
Disadvantages: wont’t destroy spores, toxicity, resistance

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18
Q

Halogens

A

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

Action: strong oxidizers of sulfhydryl bonds on proteins

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19
Q

Chlorine

A

Disinfectant
Disadvantages: susceptible to organic load, pH, light
Elemental chlorine: large scale water, purification
Chloramines: water purification, antiseptic at low concentrations
Hypochlorites (bleach): broad use, chances of resistance are low
Chlorine oxide: gas disinfection

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20
Q

Iodine

A

Advantages: less susceptible to organic load, can be mixed with water or alcohol, wound treatment or pre-cleaning
Disadvantages: stain easily, allergies/irritant
Uses: iodophors - complex of iodine with a neutral polymer

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21
Q

Alcohols

A

Ethanol and isopropyl
Degerming agent
Low intermediate disinfection
Action: concentration has to be greater than 50% but less than 100%, dissolve membranes, coagulate proteins
Advantages: enveloped viruses, nonirritating, cheap
Drawbacks: evaporation, inhalation

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22
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

High level disinfectant
Action: form hydroxyl radicals
Uses: 3% concentration- antiseptic, most common form, not for spores; 35% concentration- vapor and liquid sporicidal, true sterilant

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23
Q

Aldehydes

A

Cross-link proteins and DNA, shuts down function
Advantages: high potency in organic matter, lab and medical settings, noncorrosive
Disadvantages: high toxicity, basic instability with high pH or temperature
Types: glutaraldehyde (liquid sterilant, carcinogenic), formaldehyde (high-level disinfectant, carcinogenic)

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24
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Target the microbes not the host, complement host defenses, no cross reactions

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25
Penicillin
B-lactam ring, thiazolidine ring, variable side chain Mode of action: bacteriocidal, targets logarithmically growing populations Spectrum of activity: multiple kinds
26
Penicillin G
Narrow spectrum Bacteriocidal Advantages: narrow spectrum > targets G+, low cost, easily reach effective concentration, low toxicity Disadvantages: resistance (b-lactamase - cuts ring), injection - acid labile so has trouble getting past stomach, allergies
27
Amoxicillin
Broad spectrum Kills a lot of gut bacteria (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain) Used most often in children Great absorption (orally) Ready distribution Uses: respiratory infection, ear infection Extension of use: B-lactamase inhibitors; clavulonic acid > augmentin Toxicity: rashes, hives, diarrhea or vomiting, increase yeast infections, anaphylactic shock, death
28
Cephalosporins
B-lactam structure, 2 R groups Spectrum: -cidal, transpeptidase bonding (broad) Toxicity: same as penicillin > lower chance of allergies Admin: injection
29
Cephalexin (Keflex) | 1st gen cephalosporin
Oral administration | Skin/soft tissue infections, UTIs
30
Cefaclor (Keflor) | 2nd generation
Increased resistance to B-lactamase Injection or orally if fasting Respiratory, skin/soft tissue, abdominal, gynecological infection
31
Rocephin (ceftriaxone) | 3rd generation
High resistance to B-lactamase Resistant enterics Broad spectrum Can cross blood brain barrier
32
Cefepime (maxipime) | 4th generation
High resistance to B-lactamase | Nosocomial pneumonia
33
Isoniazid
``` Synthetic drug Mode of action: prevents synthesis of mycolic acid Very narrow spectrum Administration: orally or injection Combination use: rifampin, streptomycin ```
34
Streptomycin
Amino glycosides Broad spectrum Mode of action: bind to 16S rRNA; block 1st tRNA Toxicity: permanent deafness Uses: tuberculosis, bubonic plague, tularemia
35
Tetracycline
-static Broad spectrum Mode of action: block the A site Side effects: stain developing teeth, interfere with bone development, interfere with birth control, GI havoc, degrade over time Uses: penetrate tissues easily, orally, most types of infection
36
Macrolides - erythromycin
Bacteriostatic except under high doses Naturally produced Mode of action: bind to 50S protein and stalls translocation Can be given orally Uses: upper respiratory infection, B-lactam sensitivities
37
Rifampin
Narrow spectrum, Gram positive, acid fast Mode of action: block RNA polymerase inhibition Uses: oral or injection, synergism, preventative Toxicity: minimal, interferes with birth control
38
Fluoroquinolones and quinolones
Broad spectrum Target DNA gyrase Administration: highly absorbed, orally Uses: UTIs, STDs, GI, soft tissue/skin, respiratory Side effects: nerve damage, seizures, tendon damage
39
Cell membrane antibiotics
Mode of action: inserts into membrane Narrow spectrum Administration/use: poor absorption; eye, ear, wound Toxicity: neurons and kidneys
40
Sulfamides and trimethoprim
Broad spectrum Mode of action: synergism Uses: dysentery, UTIs, respiratory, bladder, protozoan infections Toxicity: allergies
41
Mechanism 1: limiting access of the antibiotic
1. Outer membrane porins: 2 membranes, may allow in through porins into periplasm, don’t allow fully into cell 2. Active efflux: in process of hydrolyzing ATP, pump antibiotic out of cell 3. Reduced uptake across cytoplasmic membrane
42
Mechanism 2: enzymatic inactivation of the drugs
1. B-lactamases: cut B-lactam rings, now penicillin resistant 2. Modifying enzymes: attaches acetyl, phosphoryl, or adenyl groups to drug target, can’t bind
43
Mechanism 3: modification or protection of target
1. Cell wall modification: RNA polymerase and DNA gyrase - point mutation, drug can’t bind 2. Ribosome protection 3. rRNA methylation: 23S rRNA > erythromycin resistant 4. DNA synthesis modification
44
Mechanism 4: antibiotic tolerance
In log phase, as soon as antibiotic introduced > stationary phase Stay in stationary phase until drug reduced > back to log phase
45
Exoenxymes
Mucinase: digests protective coating on mucous membranes Hyaluronidase: digest hyaluronic acid Coagulase: causes of clotting in blood and plasma
46
Exotoxins
Mainly Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria High toxicity Protein or short peptide
47
Endotoxin
Gram-negative bacteria Lipid A Nonspecific effects
48
Reticuloendothelial system
Network of connective tissue that forms network between circulatory system and lymphatic systems
49
Neutrophils
Phagocytosis: digestion, degradative chemicals | Trap pathogens: NETs
50
Eosinophils
Bone marrow and spleen: highest concentration Attack and destroy large eukaryotic pathogens Inflammation and allergic reactions Phagocytosis occurs but not primary role
51
Basophils
Allergic reactions: histamine, serotonin, heparin | Inflammation > attract other immune components
52
Monocytes/macrophage
Long-lived, still multiply, fixed vs transient | Roles: phagocytosis, process and present antigen, communication
53
Dendritic cells
Type of macrophage | Trap cells/bacteria, move to lymph nodes/spleen for better communication
54
B cells
Humoral immunity, develop into plasma cell
55
T cells
Cell-mediated immunity, memory and recognition
56
TNF
Nonspecific mediator | Increases chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of other inflammatory cytokines and fever
57
Interferon
Inhibits viral replication, turns on other lymphocytes
58
Interleukins 1 and 2
Activates macrophage, T and B cells
59
Histamine
Causes vasodilation, increased permeability, and mucous production
60
Prostaglandins
Inflammatory stimulator
61
Leukotrienes
Smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability

BMS 212 (1 decks)

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