Exam 3

Question 1

define equilibrium

Answer 1

point where concentrations of products & reactants no longer change - rate of formation of each is equal

Question 2

define dynamic equilibrium

Answer 2

opposing processes occur at the same rate

Question 3

Kc >> 1, equilibrium lies to the _____, and 𝚫G° is _____

Answer 3

right

negative

Question 4

Kc << 1, equilibrium lies to the _____, and 𝚫G° is _____

Answer 4

left

positive

Question 5

Kc is between _________, product concentration roughly equals reactants’

Answer 5

10^-2 and 10^2

Question 6

law of mass action

Answer 6

Kc = Qc at equilibrium

Question 7

Qc > Kc:

Answer 7

reactants favored

Question 8

Kc > Qc:

Answer 8

products favored

Question 9

𝚫n =

Answer 9

moles of gaseous product - moles of gaseous reactant

Question 10

R used in Kp/Kc equation

Answer 10

0.08206 L*atm/mol*k

Question 11

normal R

Answer 11

8.314 J/k*mol

Question 12

reversing reaction effect on Kc

Answer 12

1 / Kc

Question 13

multiplying equation effect on Kc

Answer 13

Kc^n

n = what you multiplied by

Question 14

dividing equation effect on Kc

Answer 14

ⁿ√Kc

n = what you divided by

Question 15

adding 2 equations effect on Kc

Answer 15

Kc1 x Kc2 = Kc3

Question 16

• Effects of concentration…
  
  • Increase [reactants] = shift to _____
  • Increase [products] = shift to ____
  • Decrease [reactants] = shift to ____
  • Decrease [products] = shift to ____

Answer 16

• Effects of concentration…
  
  • Increase [reactants] = Q < K, shift to right
  • Increase [products] = Q > K, shift to left
  • Decrease [reactants] = Q > K, shift to left
  • Decrease [products] = Q < K, shift to right

Question 17

• Effects of volume & pressure…
  
  • Decrease volume = shift to ________
  • Increase volume = shift to ________
  • Decrease pressure = shift to ________
  • Increase pressure = shift to _________
  • 𝚫 in pressure or volume = no change if __________
  • Adding an inert gas to the reaction at fixed volume & pressure = ________

Answer 17

• Effects of volume & pressure…
  
  • Decrease volume = shift to side with fewer particles
  • Increase volume = shift to side with more particles
  • Decrease pressure = shift to side with more particles
  • Increase pressure = shift to side with fewer particles
  • 𝚫 in pressure or volume = no change if both sides have equal particle number
  • Adding an inert gas to the reaction at fixed volume & pressure = no change

Question 18

• Effects of temperature…
  
  • Increase heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to _____
  • Decrease heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to ____
  • Increase heat in endothermic rxn = shift to ____
  • Decrease heat in endothermic rxn = shift to ____

Answer 18

• Effects of temperature…
  
  • Increase heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to left
  • Decrease heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to right
  • Increase heat in endothermic rxn = shift to right
  • Decrease heat in endothermic rxn = shift to left

Question 19

proton donor

Answer 19

Bronsted acid

Question 20

proton acceptor

Answer 20

Bronsted base

Question 21

electron donor

Answer 21

Lewis base

Question 22

electron acceptor

Answer 22

Lewis acid

Question 23

amphoteric

Answer 23

acts as acid or base

Question 24

Kw of water

Answer 24

10^-14 = [H3O][OH]

Question 25

strength of an acid measured by…

Answer 25

tendency to ionize

Question 26

stronger bonds & greater enthalpy =

Answer 26

weaker acid

Question 27

2 factors that imact ionization:

Answer 27

* Strength of bonds in acid * Polarity of bonds in acid

Question 28

hydrohalic acid strengths

Answer 28

HF \<\< HCl \< HBr \< HI

Question 29

oxoacids contain…

Answer 29

H, O and a central nonmetal atom

Question 30

oxoacids

Answer 30

Chloric acid HClO₃ bromic acid HBrO₃ carbonic acid H₂CO₃ nitrous acid HNO₂ nitric acid HNO₃ phosphorous acid H₃PO₃ phosphoric acid H₃PO₄ sulfuric acid H₂SO₄

Question 31

2 groups of oxoacids related to strength

Answer 31

* _Different central atoms_ from the same group of the PT with the same oxidation number * Same central atoms with _different numbers of oxygen_ - more oxygen = stronger acid, readily donates protons

Question 32

include C bound to 2 O and an R group

Answer 32

carboxylic acids

Question 33

electronegativity _______ strength of acid

Answer 33

increases

Question 34

7 strong acids

Answer 34

* Hydrochloric acid HCl * Hydrobromic acid HBr * Hydroiodic acid HI * Nitric acid HNO₃ * Chloric acid HClO₃ * Perchloric acid HClO₄ * Sulfuric acid H₂SO₄

Question 35

8 strong bases

Answer 35

* Group 1A hydroxides * LiOH * NaOH * KOH * RbOH * CsOH * Group 2A hydroxides * Ca(OH)₂ * Sr(OH)₂ * Ba(OH)₂