Brain & Behavior > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Environmental Stimuli

A
  • All available stimuli for an observer

- EX: walking through the woods

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2
Q

Attended Stimuli

A
  • Stimuli that are the point of focus for the observer.

- EX: moth on a tree

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3
Q

Stimulus on the Receptors

A
  • “image” of stimulus on the receptors cells.

- EX: image on person’s retina (image of moth)

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4
Q

Transduction

A
  • The transformation of an environmental stimulus.

- light in; electricity out

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5
Q

Early Neural Processing

A
  • Interconnected neurons that propagate the electrical signal from receptor cells throughout the brain.
  • EX: signals in neurons
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6
Q

Perception

A
  • conscious sensory experience

- EX: someone perceives something on the tree

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7
Q

Recognition

A
  • Ability to place objects in categories that provide meaning.
  • EX: person realizes it is a moth on the tree
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8
Q

Action

A
  • motor activities that occur in reference to the perceived and object
  • EX: person walks toward to the moth that they see
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9
Q

Sensation

A
  • Automatic but unaware collection of information through the sensory organs.
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10
Q

Perception

A
  • Conscious sensory experience, high-level processing, usually.
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11
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • specialized cells (receptors) that transduce (convert) sensory energy into neural activity.
  • Vision, Auditory, Somatosensory, Taste & Olfaction
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12
Q

Vision

A

Light energy ➡️ chemical energy ➡️ Neural Activity

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13
Q

Auditory

A

Air Pressure ➡️ Mechanical Energy ➡️ Normal Activity

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14
Q

Somatosensory

A

Mechanical energy ➡️ Neural Activity

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15
Q

Taste & Olfaction

A

Chemical Molecules ➡️ Neural Activity

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16
Q

Synesthesia

A

A perceptual phenomenon in which *stimulation of one sensory pathway triggers experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. *

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17
Q

Receptor Density

A
  • Important in determining the sensitivity of a sensory system.
    EX: more tactile receptors on the fingers as compared to the arm
  • Determine the special abilities of many animals
    EX: olfactory ability of dogs
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18
Q

Perception & sense of reality are products of evolution..

A
  • sensory systems provide a survival advantage
  • Type of energy in the environment determines which senses have developed
  • animal sense ls are specialized for certain kinds of energy in the environment
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19
Q

Functional Anatomy of the Visual System

A
  • optics, structure of the eye, and image information
  • Retina, photoreceptors (rods & cones)
  • Receptive fields
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20
Q

Refraction

A
  • necessary to focus light rays, accomplished by the cornea and lens.
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21
Q

Accommodation (refraction)

A
  • The process in which the lens changes its shape, thus altering its refractive power.
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22
Q

Problems with focusing / refraction

A
  • Myopia

- Hyperopia

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23
Q

Myopia

A
  • when the light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina and distant objects cannot be seen sharply
  • NEARsightedness
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24
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • when light entering the eye is focused behind the retina

- FARsightedness

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25
Retina
contains 2 types of photoreceptors - Rods - Cones
26
Rods
- Sensitive to low levels of light (dim light) - used mainly for night vision - one type of photopigment only - more numerous than cones
27
Cones
- Highly responsive to bright light - Specialized for color and high visual acuity - located mostly in the fovea - three photopigments
28
Types of neurons in the retina
- Photoreceptors - Bipolar cells - Retinal ganglion - Horizontal cells - Amacrine cells
29
Bipolar cells
- receives input from photoreceptors
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Retinal Ganglion cells
- gives rise to the optic nerve
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Horizontal cells
- Link photoreceptors and bipolar cells
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Amacrine cells
- Link bipolar cells and ganglion cells
33
Structure of the eye
- Cornea - Iris - Lens - Retina
34
cornea
- clear outer covering
35
Iris
- Opens and closes to allow more or less light in | - the hole in the iris is called the PUPIL
36
Lens
- Focuses light | - Bends to accommodate near and far objects.
37
Retina
- Where light energy initiates neural activity.
38
Receptive Fields
- the sensory area that influences the electrical activity of sensory neurons (or follow up interneurons) - include inputs from multiple receptors
39
Excitatory
- ON - Center - Inhibitory Surround
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Inhibitory
- OFF - center - excitatory surround
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ON-center ganglion cells
- Excited by light on their center | - Inhibited by light in their surround
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OFF-center ganglion
- Inhibited when light is in center | - Excited when light is in surround
43
Topographical Mapping
- close by areas in the visual field are “mapped” onto close by areas in cortex.
44
Processing Shape in V1
- each cell receives input from multiple RGC’s and have much larger receptive fields - cells behave like orientation detectors (excited by bards of light oriented in particular directions) - simple cells (receptive field with a rectangular on-off arrangement)
45
Dorsal Visual Stream
- pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the PARIETAL cortex - the “how” or “where” pathway. - How action is to be guided toward objects
46
Ventral Visual Stream
- Pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the TEMPORAL cortex - the “what” pathway - identifies what an object is
47
Processing shape in the Temporal Cortex
- cells are maximally excited by complex visual stimuli (faces or hands)
48
Three types of Cone Pigments Absorptions
- BLUE (short wavelength) - GREEN (middle wavelength) - RED (long wavelength)
49
Trichromatic Theory
- explanation of color vision based on the coding of 3 primary colors (Red, Green, & Blue) - the color we see is determined by the relative responses of the different cone types. - can explain different types of color blindness
50
Opponent-Process Theory
- explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of the opposition colors (Red vs. Green / Blue vs. Yellow) - occurs in retinal ganglion cells
51
Function of Hearing
- identification of sounds - localization of sounds - communication
52
loudspeakers produce sound by….
- The diaphragm of the speaker MOVES OUT, pushing air molecules TOGETHER - The diaphragm also MOVES IN, pulling air molecules APART. - the cycle of this process creates ALTERNATING high & low pressure regions that TRAVEL through air.
53
Frequency
- number of cycles within a given time period - measured in Hertz (Hz) - perception of pitch is related to frequency
54
what range is human hearing
20 - 20,000 Hz
55
Fundamental Frequency
- the rate at which the complex waveform pattern repeats | - the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound
56
Overtones (Harmonics)
- set of higher frequency sound waves that vibrate at whole-number (integer) multiples of the fundamental frequency. - multiples of the fundamental frequency
57
Timbre
The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that 2 sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar
58
Three parts of Ear
- Outer ear (captures sound) - Middle ear (transformer) - Inner ear (biological amplifier & analyzer)
59
Middle Ear
- Tympanic membrane (ear drum) - ossicles of the middle ear transmits vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear - important for well-being in regard to air pressure. - transforms air pressure fluctuations into basilar membrane movements.
60
Ossicles
The three bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
61
Tympanic Membrane
- The eardrum | - a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal. Vibrates in response to sound.
62
Inner Ear
- Cochlear canals & membranes - cochlea - middle canal
63
Cochlea
- Spiral structure of the inner ear filled with watery fluids in three parallel canals
64
Middle Canal
- sandwiched between the tympanic and vestibular canals. contains the basilar membrane with the organ of Corti
65
Organ of Corti
- A structure on the basilar membrane that features receptor cells (hair cells) arranged along one inner row and three outer rows. - inner ear
66
Stereocilla
- Hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that initiate the release of neurotransmitters when they are flexed. - inner hair cells transform vibrations into action potentials
67
Bèkèsys’ Place Theory of Hearing
- Frequency of sound is coded by the place along the cochlear partition where the traveling wave has its greatest displacement
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