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Biology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic makeup or genes that an organism carries for a particular trait.

A

Genotype

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2
Q

Physical manifestation of the genetic instructions for an organism

A

Phenotype

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3
Q

Process of using a gene sequence to synthesize a protein

A

Gene expression

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4
Q

Non-coding segment of DNA found within a gene that gets removed

A

Intron

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5
Q

Portion of a gene that is expressed

A

Exon

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6
Q

Three nucleotide unit of an mRNA molecule, code for Amino acids

A

Codon

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7
Q

Transports amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

tRNA

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8
Q

Part of protein synthesis, is composed of a large and small subunit and has binding. Site for mRNA and tRNAs.

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Type of nucleotides base with double rings includes Adenine and Guanine

A

Purines

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10
Q

Types of nucleotide base with a single ring includes Thymine and Cytosine

A

Pyrimidines

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11
Q

Full set of DNA present in an individual organism

A

Genome

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12
Q

Linear strand of DNA on which are found specific sequence of base pairs

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

Sequence of base pairs that carries the info needed to produce a protein

A

Gene

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14
Q

Alternate versions of a gene that code for the same features

A

Alleles

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15
Q

Process of copying one DNA molecule into 2 identical DNA molecules

A

DNA replication

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16
Q

Type of RNA that carries the transcript for a gene into cytoplasm

A

mRNA

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17
Q

Enzyme that unwind and unzip the double stranded DNA

A

DNA helicase

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18
Q

Enzyme that seals any breaks in DNA after replication

A

DNA ligase

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19
Q

Enzyme that attaches to single-stranded DNA and joins new nucleotides to form an identical copy of the DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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20
Q

Enzyme that reads the DNA sequence and makes an mRNA transcript

A

RNA Polymerase

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21
Q

Enzyme that adds a primer to the DNA sequence at the start of replication

A

Primase

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22
Q

In eukaryotic cells, DNA molecules (chromosomes) are found in the _?___

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

The Building blocks of DNA are called __?___

They consist of 3 parts called: ____1____, _____2____, ______3_____

A

Nucleotides

1. Deoxyribose sugar, 2. Phosphate group, 3. nitrogenous base

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24
Q

In DNA, adenine binds with ___?___ and guanine binds with ____?___

A

thymine and cytosine

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25
In RNA, Thymine is replaced with ___?___ which binds to ___?___
Uracil and Adenine
26
Transcriptions takes place in the __?___: translation takes place in the ___?___
Nucleus and cytoplasm
27
The enzyme RNA polymerase makes a copy of the DNA gene during the process of transciption. What type of RNA is produced during this process?
mRNA
28
When this transcript of RNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore, it goes into cytoplasm and binds to the small and large subunits of a ___?___ (the site of protein synthesis)
Ribosomes
29
The messenger RNA "recipe" is read and a protein is assembled in a process called
Translation
30
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, so another form of RNA is necessary to deliver those building blocks to the site of protein synthesis. This is ____?___
Transfer RNA
31
The 3 nitrogen bases of mRNA are called ___?___ | The matching 3 nitrogen bases of tRNA are called ___?___
codons | anticodons
32
What type of bond is formed between the amino acids in the new protein chain
Peptide bond
33
Ribosomes are found free in the ___?___ or attached to the ____?___. They are composed of two subunits.
Cytoplasm or Rough ER
34
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
35
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
36
What are the 3 primary functions of DNA?
1. Storehouse of genetic information 2. Transfer genetic info to next generation 3. Protein synthesis
37
The key idea of gene expression is that ____?___
DNA codes for mRNA which codes for the protein
38
What type of bond holds these two molecules together
Peptide bond
39
What is meant by semi-conservative replication of DNA?
Each single strand of DNA serves as a template for the two new strands of DNA during DNA replication
40
If 15% of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule contain guanine, what percentage of the nucleotides contain each of the other three bases? Explain your reasoning?
Guanine: 15%, Cytosine: 15%, Thymine: 35%, and Adenine 35%. | Follow the base-pairing rules
41
Describe three ways that RNA differs from DNA | ~ There are five answers. Pick 3.
1. Deoxyribose sugar: DNA, ribose sugar: RNA 2. DNA: 2 strands, RNA: 1 strand 3. DNA: A, R,C, G, RNA: A,U.C,G 4. DNA : nucleus, RNA: nucleus and cytoplasm 5. DNA: transmit info to mRNA, RNA: Transcription/translation
42
What are the 3 types of mRNA processing that occur after transcription?
1. Addition of Guanine cap 2. Addition of Poly-A tail 3. Removal of introns and splicing together of the exons
43
Characteristics that can be observed are called
Traits
44
A form of a trait that is unexpressed in the presence of the other form is called
Recessive trait
45
The form of a trait that is expressed to the exclusion of the other form present is called
Dominant Trait
46
Alternate genes leading to alternate forms of a trait are called
Alleles
47
The position of a gene on a chromosome is referred to as its
Locus
48
An organism possessing alleles for both alternatives of a trait is said to be
Heterozygous
49
An organism possessing only on type of allele for a trait is said to be
Homozygous
50
A diagram that facilitates visualization of genetic possibilities of a cross.
Punnett Square
51
Both the mother and the father of a son with hemophilia appear to be normal. From whom did the son inherit the allele from the hemophilia? What are the genotypes of the mother, father, and son?
Inherited by Mother | Mother: X (H) X(h), Father: X(H) Y, Son: X(h)Y
52
What is Femaleness
the presence of 2 X chromosomes
53
What is Maleness
The presence of 1 X and 1 Y chromosomes
54
What is ABO Blood type
Multiple alleles, A and B alleles are co-dominant, O allele is recessive.
55
Which genetic disorder is the result of a recessive allele (mutated gene)?
Cystic Fibrosis Color blindness Hemophilia Phenylketonuria
56
Which genetic disorder is the result of a dominant allele
Huntington's disease
57
Which ones are genetic defects found on sex-linked chromosomes
Color blindness and Hemophilia
58
Which of the genetic defects are the result of faulty cell division called nondisjunction
Down Syndrome
59
Malfunction of a membrane protein responsible for chloride ion transport, building mucus in lungs
Cystic fibrosis
60
Disorder with 3 copies of #21 chromosome, resulting in 47 chromosomes
Down Syndrome
61
Degenerative disease of the nervous system with no phenotypic effect until ages 30-40
Huntington's disease
62
Genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation in a single gene but has multiple effects on the phenotype of the individual (pleiotropy)
Phenylketonuria
63
Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes of the human species, 22 pairs are classed as
Autosomes
64
Type of mutation that only affects a single gene and is the result of a change in one nucleotide
Point Mutation
65
The insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a gene can cause a
Frameshift mutation
66
Down syndrome results from an error in meiosis called
Nondisjunction
67
Female cells can be identified by the appearance of
Sex Chromosomes
68
Hemophilia and muscular dystrophy are genetic diseases that are classified as being
Sex-linked disorders
69
X and Y chromosomes are called
sex chromosomes
70
Mutations that occur when a chromosome loses a segment of DNA are called
Deletions
71
The ABO blood types result from a gene having
Multiple alleles
72
Because both A and B alleles for blood type are expressed when present, they are called
Co-dominant
73
When a single gene has an effect on multiple traits it is called
Pleiotropy
74
Skin color, height, and body size are the result of
Polygenic
75
What type of curve results from traits that have environmental influences
Bell Curve
76
The passing of genes from one's parents to offspring
Heredity
77
Allele that is always expressed if present
Dominant allele
78
Humans have 22 pairs
autosomes
79
Traits that are found on the sex chromosmes
sex-linked traits
80
Permanent change in base sequence, only 1 gene altered
Point mutaions
81
Occurs when chromosomes break
Chromosomal mutations
82
Picture of an individual's chromosomes
Karyotyping
83
Testing that is done on a fetus or newborn child to test for genetic disorders
Genetic Screening
84
Individual with 2 different alleles for one gene
Heterozygous
85
Physical characteristics of an individual
Phenotype
86
In the ABO blood type system, a person who is heterozygous type B has the genotype
BO
87
The matched chromosomes that you inherit from your mother and father are said to be ___?___ to each other
Homologous
88
In snapdragons, the flower color is controlled by two alleles. One allele codes for red flower color. The second code is for white flower color. If an offspring inherits both alleles, its color is pink. This kind of inheritance is known as
Incomplete Dominance
89
Assume that in mice the allele for black fur (B) is dominant to the allele for white fur (b). The genotype for a white mouse would be ___?__ In mice, if two heterozygotes mate, what's the probability that the offspring will have black fur?
bb 75%
90
In the sex-linked trait, boys can only inherit the allele that controls the trait from their
mothers

Biology 101 (1 decks)

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