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Bio Psy > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

heritability of a tendency toward antisocial behavior is lowest for which of the following?

A

People in impoverished neighborhoods

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2
Q

How does the gene for the less active form of the enzyme MAOa affect the probability for aggressive behavior?

A

Increased probability for someone abused in childhood

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3
Q

Aggressive behavior correlates with low turnover of which neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

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4
Q

which of the following hormones tends to inhibit aggressive behavior?

A

cortisol

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5
Q

Why do we know more about the brain mechanisms of fear and anxiety than we do about other emotions?

A

researchers can more satisfactorily measure anxiety than other emotions in laboratory animals

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6
Q

After damage to the amygdala what happens to the startle reflex?

A

It becomes more consistent from one time or situation to another

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7
Q

suppose a researcher wants to determine whether someone is afraid of cats. What would be the most reasonable approach?

A

Present a photo of the cat then a loud sound. see whether the photo enhances the usual startle reflex

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8
Q

Research on the amygdala supports what psychological conclusion?

A

What we call fear is a combination of several components not an indivisible entity

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9
Q

What role does the bed nucleus of stria terminals play in fear or anxiety?

A

It affects fear of the environment in general

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10
Q

The amygdala responds most strongly to which type of facial expression?

A

Expressions that require some effort to understand

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11
Q

What if anything, can we predict from measuring the strength of amygdala response to frightening stimuli or faces showing fear?

A

We can predict probability of strong emotional responses to stressful experiences

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12
Q

After urban-wiethe disease damaged their amygdala two people showed no fear under most circumstances. what evokes fear?

A

Breathing concentrated carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What type of people would be more likely to than average to develop PTSD?

A

People with smaller than average hippocampus

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14
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

They facilitate GABA synapses

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15
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is most active during which of the following?

A

Digesting food

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16
Q

According to the James Lang theory feedback from the body’s actions is responsible for which aspect of emotion?

A

Feeling

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17
Q

When researchers looked for brain areas associated with particular emotions what did they find?

A

No brain area is responsible for one and only one emotion

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18
Q

Several lines of evidence argue against the idea that facial expressions demonstrate the existence of six basic emotions. Which of the following is NOT one of those lines of evidence?

A

Asking people to match six faces to six labels interferes with accuracy

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19
Q

Which brain area is associated with behavioral activation system and a tendency to approach?

A

The left hemisphere

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20
Q

Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex increases which tendency is decision making?

A

More utilitarian choices

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21
Q

Which hormone does the alarm stage release, but the resistance stage does not?

A

Epinephrine

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22
Q

How do the functions of the HPA axis compare to those of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system readies the body for brief vigorous action and the HPA axis prepares the body for prolonged coping with a persistent stressor

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23
Q

How does McEwens definition of stress differ from Selyes

A

Selyes definition applied equally to favorable or unfavorable events

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24
Q

which cells of the immune system secrete antibodies?

A

B cells only

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25
Q

Why do nearly all infections produce similar symptoms such as fever sleepiness and loss of energy?

A

The immune system sends propagandist to the brain where they stimulate the hypothalamus to produce these effects

26
Q

What are the effects of stress on the immune system?

A

Brief stress activates the immune system, but prolonged stress weakens it

27
Q

Prolonged stress is known to damage which area of the brain?

A

The hippocampus

28
Q

Which of these increases’ resilience?

A

Social support

29
Q

What evidence led lashley to draw his conclusions of equipotentiality and mass action?

A

Impairment of learning depended on the amount of cortical damage rather than the location

30
Q

What assumptions did lashley make that later, researchers rejected?

A

Any convenient example of learning will reveal the mechanisms that apply to all learning

31
Q

Why did Thompson conclude that eyeblink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus instead of the red nucleus?

A

Inactivating the red nucleus suppressed responses but did not prevent learning

32
Q

What was the original concept of consolidation?

A

The time necessary to synthesize proteins

33
Q

Emotional arousal facilitates consolidation by what means?

A

Increased release of norepinephrine epinephrine and cortisol

34
Q

How does the cortex store a working memory?

A

Occasional bursts of gamma oscillations

35
Q

Which of the following would probably prevent most cases of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Require all alcoholic beverages to be fortified with vitamins

36
Q

Currently what seems the most promising explanation for infant amnesia?

A

More new hippocampal neurons in infants than in older individuals

37
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories

38
Q

What was the status of working memory in patient HM?

A

His working memory seemed normal unless he was distracted

39
Q

which of the following was most severely impaired in patient HM?

A

Episodic memory

40
Q

Why is it unsurprising that HM had intact procedural memory?

A

Procedural memory depends on the striatum not the hippocampus

41
Q

What type of memory do the radial maze and Morris water maze test?

A

Spatial memory

42
Q

Evidence that rats imagine the future came from recordings from what type of cell?

A

Place cells

43
Q

Why are certain cells in the entorhinal cortex called grid cells?

A

They respond to locations distributed in a hexagonal grid

44
Q

The striatum is primarily responsible for what type of learning?

A

Gradually learning habits

45
Q

Someone with semantic dementia has lost which of the following?

A

Factual knowledge

46
Q

What is true about a Hebbian synapse?

A

It strengthens if its activity is associated with an action potential in the postsynaptic cell

47
Q

Cells that fire together wire together, but only if which of the following?

A

Cells are close together

48
Q

Why is Aplysia an appealing animal for psychological learning?

A

Relatively few neurons and they are the same from one individual to another

49
Q

What is meant by the cooperativity of LTP?

A

LTP is greater if two inputs are active together

50
Q

What excites NMDA receptors?

A

The transmitter glutamate but only if the membrane is depolarized

51
Q

During the formation of LTP which ions enter at the NMDA receptors?

A

Calcium and sodium

52
Q

What does CaMKII do?

A

It releases a protein that alters the expression of several genes

53
Q

Of the following which correlates most strongly with intelligence?

A

The surface area or the cerebral cortex

54
Q

In which ways are mens and womens brains most similar?

A

Total number of neurons

55
Q

What happens to the heritability of intelligence as people grow older?

A

it increases

56
Q

The heritability of intelligence appears to be the lowest under which of these conditions?

A

An impoverished environment

57
Q

When researchers selectively bred guppies for large brains which of these occurred?

A

Guppies decreased their reproduction

58
Q

Which of these enabled humans to evolve a larger brain?

A

Learning to cook

59
Q

In humans what happens to visual information from the left visual field?

A

It reaches the right half of each retina which sends messages to the right hemisphere

60
Q

At the human optic chiasm which axons cross to the opposite hemisphere?

A

Those from the nasal half of each retina

Bio Psy (1 decks)

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