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bio 228 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Speciation

A

where ecology and evolution meet

IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS,ARE NOT FIXED EVOLVE IN TIME

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2
Q

Species

A

A product of evolution (decent w/ modification)

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3
Q

Anagenesis

A

Change of characteristics in each of the descendants of the lineage.(inferred thru fossil records)

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4
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Branching of lineage into 2 or m ore descendants lineages.(inferred by phylogenteics

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5
Q

How do species form?

A
  1. Thru Anagenesis and Claudogenesis

2. Hybridization

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6
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups .(controversial b/c states if I can breed with you we are part of the same species.

Key concepts.

  1. Most widely used in 20th century
  2. Hard to document reproduction isolation so morphological differences used as proxy for reproductive isolation.
  3. Does not deal well w/ observed hybridization in the wild or species that reproduce asexually.
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7
Q

Evolutionary Species Concept

A

A species is a single lineage of populations or organisms that maintain an identity separate from other such lineages ,which has its own evolutionary tendencies

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8
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

A cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters, and there is a parental pattern of ancestor and descent.(smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry)

  1. Increasing in use of today
  2. Emphasizes descent w/ modification
  3. combine use of Phylogenetics .comparative biology and fossil records.
    (requires the revisions of many old nomenclatures)
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9
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Trys to understand the sequence of diversification events

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10
Q

Monophyletic

A

A group/clade that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

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11
Q

Why do so many species’ concepts differ?

A

B/c scientists differed on the focus of the criteria on how to narrow down species.

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12
Q

How do today’s scientists determine species boundaries?

A

Thru morphological behavioral and genetic information

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13
Q

How do Species originate?

A

From barriers to gene flow

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14
Q

Gene flow

A

Allow individuals from some populations to share common genetic background,(if there is a barrier few will be more and more different from others)

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15
Q

Barriers

A

When you have 2 different species that evolve they will NOT hybridize or gene flow (anything that promotes geneflow will maintain the identity of the species

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16
Q

Isolating Barriers

A

Keeps species separately genetically

  1. Pre-zygotic (premating and postmating)
  2. Post- zygotic
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17
Q

Pre-zygotic ,(pre-mating)

A
  1. Ecological isolation
    a. spatial-
    b. Temporal -one specie may breed in winter one may breed in summer (don’t see each other during this period)
  2. Behavioral Isolation
    ex. Song of bird
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18
Q

Pre-zygotic (post-mating)

A
  1. Mechanical isolation (incompatibility of reproductive organs)
  2. Behavioral isolation (copulatory- genitalia fails to stimulate properly)
  3. Gametic isolation (gametes will not fuse when attempted)
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19
Q

Post-zygotic

A
  1. Hybrid inviability
  2. Hybrid sterility
    ex. donkey + horse = mule (sterile)
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20
Q

What factors might most promote genetic differentiation?

A

Geographic configuration

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21
Q

Geographic Configurations (Models of Speciation)

A
  1. Allopatry (separated, speciation in different areas)
  2. Parapatry (speciation next to adjacent areas; places close to each other)
  3. Sympatry (speciation in same place)
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22
Q

Allopatric(Vicariance)

A

Used when ppl describe allopatric separation(when an event separates an original ancestor population into 2 isolated areas that are approximately the same size.)

  • Groups do not see each other, no interactions, no exchange of genes, become more differentiated over time because of barriers, LESS GENETIC DRIFT, point of contact = secondary hybrid zone
  • Splitting event avoiding gene flow
  • Different mutations becoming more different
  • They will not form into a single population again
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23
Q

Allopatric (Peripatric)

A

One new population is in the periphery (adjacent) of the other two new areas vastly different in size (GENETIC DRIFT WILL PLAY HEAVIER ON SMALL PERIPHERY)

  • Split by vicariance OR newly occupied by dispersal
  • They cannot live together and lose their genetic identity –> 2 different species and cannot hybridize
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24
Q

Allopatric

A

(Separated)one lineage gives birth to 2 lineages but 2 daughter lineages are in different geographical areas

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25
Sympatric Speciation
New species emerge at the same site as their ancestor (have micro preferences or behavioral differences that interpret gene flow)(GENETIC DIFFERENCES RESULT IN REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION )
26
Sympatric Speciaton
New species emerge at the same site as their ancestor (have micro preferences or behavioral differences that interpret gene flow)(GENETIC DIFFERENCES RESULT IN REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION )
27
Reinforcement
Avoid hybridizing in areas where they are secondary contact to maintain their uniqueness (species end up evolving ways to avoid merging their genome again)
28
Reinforcement
Avoid hybridizing in areas where they are secondary contact to maintain their uniqueness (species end up evolving ways to avoid merging their genome again
29
Macroevolution
Descent with modification
30
The tree of Life
Provides info on which species share a common ancestor and which share a more distant ancestor, shows all organisms are related,(tips of the tree are recent, bottom share an older common ancestor)
31
Phylogeny
(hypothesis)of patterns of relationships among species,recognizes descendants and ancestors. Enables macroevolution
32
Descendants
are represented by the tips of the tree
33
Ancestors
represented at the nodes of the tree
34
Phylogenetic reconstruction
methods that allow us to estimate evolutionary relationships among species or groups of species
35
Modern Systematics include?
1. phylogenetic reconstruction | 2. classification systems to reflect evolutionary relationships
36
Paraphyletic Group
does not include all descendants of the common ancestors
37
How can we infer the phylogeny of a group of organisms?
characters, which are observable(which are thought to be homologous(derived from a common ancestor)), can also describe their state(alternative conditions of character ex. yellow,blue)
38
Polygenic group
group of nonrelated lineages,common ancestor not included
39
Homologous
inherited from a common ancestor but may look different (w/ or w/o modification)
40
Ancestral state
found in common ancestor
41
Derived State
is one that evolved from the common ancestor state
42
Microevolution
Change in Allen frequencies
43
Microevolution
Change in Allen frequencies
44
Archaea
A group prokaryotes that live in extreme environments (ex high temp, very salty
45
Abiotic
fundamental niche(what a species can tolerate), non-living part of ecosystem ex. wind, rain,soil ,temp.
46
Biotic
living parts of the ecosystem reflected in predation/interactions.(Limit where in geographical space can be.
47
Evolution Biogeography
how populations, species, communities, and ecosystems are distributed in geographical space and how distributions change over time.
48
distribution
can be random, uneven/overdispersed
49
Dispersal limitations
species differ in their ability to disperse, this affects the distributions
50
Geography impacts?
Biodiversity
51
Determinism(abiotic)
(Environmentalism)the belief that the environment's physical factors such as landforms and climate determine the patterns of human culture and societal development (anything you can predict)
52
What was Darwin's key observation of evolutionary biogeography?
Island Radation-a clade that breaks off into many different species, they can look the same but act different and inhabit different islands(islands allowed for species to diversify)
53
What was Wallace's key observations of evolutionary biogeography?
Rivers as barriers
54
Plate tectonics
help explain some distributions (the connectivity of different land masses (continents)differed at different times in the past, causing species that were related to evolve in diff content in isolation, from where the one continent once split.
55
Biomes
unique ecosystems characterized by climatic conditions often occupied by species that have adaptations (each biome has its own geographical space,are distibiutes based upon temp/percipitation)
56
Biogeographic regions can have...
many biomes
57
Tropical rain forest biomes describe...
closer to the equator highest terestial diversity characterized by tall evergreen and deciduous (sheds its leaves)trees know as nursery and museum to species
58
Temperate Deciduous forest biomes describe...
hot summer cold winter seasonal rain ex. eastern USA dominated by deciduous trees w/some evergreen low species diversity compared to tropics
59
Hot desert (in high pressure) biomes describe...
very low rain ,very cold most animals have adaptations to deal w/extreme temp sparse vegetation
60
Convergent Evolution
may look the same but have evolved from diff. sources
61
Mediterranean climate biomes describe...
hot ,dry summers ,mild wet winters | frequent fires ,vegetation is mostly shrubs and herbs no trees
62
tropical
close to equator
63
temperate
cold winter in which plants become dormant
64
Evergreen
a plant that retains leaves throughout year
65
Confier
plant w/needle like leaves
66
Slerophyllous
woody tough plant ,w/ tough evergreenleave prevents water loss
67
succulent
thick fleshy leaves,capable of storing water
68
where are the most diverse terrestrial and marine habitats
coral reefs and tropical rain forrest ,(all located in emerging or developing countries
69
what key advance in evolutionary biogeography post Darwin and Wallace
DNA sequence analysis-which allows for phylogeny reconstruction
70
Comparative Analyses
patterns of genetic divergence btw populations occuring together allows the identification of shared responses to past habitats change
71
Comparative Phylogenetic is...
biogeographic w/phylogenetic data
72
Analyses of DNA sequence help to understand what...
demographic(structure of population ) changes throughout time (population genetics)

bio 228 (1 decks)

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