Exam 3 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Off label drug use
A
Using human drugs for animals
2
Q
Compounded drugs
A
HAVE NOT been tested for
-Bioequivalence
-Efficacy, safety, strength
-Quality
Active ingredients MAY NOT be manufactured under GMP in federally inspected plants
ARE NOT approved by the FDA!
3
Q
Veterinary Responsibility
A
Diagnosis
Drug knowledge
Drug law knowledge
Veterinary client patient relationship (VCPR)
-Have yourself assessed the patient, diagnosis, and know need of drug
Protection of the public
4
Q
Veterinary client patient relationship (VCPR)
A
Have yourself assessed the patient, diagnosis, and know need of drug
5
Q
Schedule I
A
Abuse is high, no medical uses, safety issues if used
Ex. heroin
6
Q
Schedule II
A
Still high abuse rate, but have medical uses, use can lead to dependence
Have to reassess every 30 days
Ex morphine
7
Q
Schedule III
A
Potential for abuse, medical uses, moderate or low dependence
Ex. ketamine
8
Q
Schedule IV
A
Low potential for drug abuse, medical uses, may lead to limited dependence
Ex. diazepam
9
Q
Schedule V
A
Low potential, medical use, may lead to limited dependance
Ex. gabapentin - VA
10
Q
Dose
A
quantity of medicine or drug taken at a particular time
Total mg or mg/kg
11
Q
Dosage
A
quantity and frequency of a dose of a medicine or drug
Twice daily, BID, q12h
12
Q
Dosage regimen
A
includes route of administration and duration of dosing
mg/kg intravenously every 12 hours for 7 days
13
Q
Pharmacokinetics (PK)
A
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
“what the body does to a drug”
14
Q
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
A
Study of the physiologic effects of drugs and the mechanism of action
“what a drug does to the body”
15
Q
Pharmacogenomics
A
Study of how genes affect responses to drugs
How they metabolize it
How they specifically respond to it
Ex. collies “white feet don’t treat’’ get sick if given ivermectin → heartgard
16
Q
Toxic drug effects
A
Always undesirable
Result from excessive pharmacological action of a drug due to overdose or prolonged usage
Dose-dependent, delayed, chronic
May still occur in some patients at ‘therapeutic’ doses (idiosyncratic)
Probably related to pharmacogenomics
17
Q
Side effects
A
Drug action outside the desired site
May be good or bad
18
Q
adverse reaction
A
relates to the change in the patient
19
Q
adverse effect
A
relates to the effect of the drug
20
Q
LD50
A
lethal dose in 50% of population
21
Q
ED50
A
effective dose in 50% of population
22
Q
TD50
A
toxic dose in 50% of population
23
Q
therapeutic range
A
the dosage range or blood plasma or serum concentration usually expected to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
24
Q
Max effective concentration
A
concentration of drug to reach peak effectiveness
25
Sub-therapeutic
a dose of a drug that does not achieve a particular therapeutic effect
26
Affinity
Force of attraction between drug and receptor High Affinity
Higher affinity drugs are harder to displace
27
Activity (intrinsic efficacy)
Force of attraction between drug and receptor High Affinity
Higher affinity drugs are harder to displace
28
Efficacy (intrinsic activity)
Ability of drug to have response
Complex relationship
-Drug concentration
-Receptor activation
-Cellular response
Agonist
Antagonist
Partial agonist
Inverse agonist
29
Selectivity
Specificity of the drug for the target receptor binding
-SNS receptors
---Alpha 1 and 2
---Beta 1, 2
---Dopamine 1, 2
Selectivity is important bc
-Stronger effects on the target receptor
-Fewer effects on unwanted receptors (side effects)
30
Potency
Comparative term
Describes the concentration of different drugs necessary to induce the same magnitude of response
31
Agonists
Receptor interaction results in activation
Occupation theory
-Magnitude of the response is proportional to the # of receptors occupied
32
Antagonists
Drug interacts selectively with receptors, but it lacks intrinsic efficacy
Blocks or reduces the action of an agonist at the receptor
-Has to have higher affinity for receptors to be productive
33
Competitive
looks like the drug - binds at the same site
34
Non-competitive
Binds somewhere else (allosteric site)
Changes receptor conformation so the agonist can't bind
35
Reversible antagonist
Binds to receptor (affinity) but can easily dissociate from the receptor
--H-bonds, van der waals = all weak/reversible
Agonist present at sufficiently high concentrations can displace an antagonist
Decreases potency because a higher concentration is now necessary to induce the same response
36
Irreversible antagonist
Binds and stays
Covalent bonds
Agonist response can not occur until the receptor is replaced and any remaining unbound antagonist has been removed from the body
--Decreases efficacy preventing the maximal possible response
37
Inverse (reverse) agonist
Bind and have “negative” response → stop something
--A lot of people call these antagonists
Receptors that have constitutive activity
Example: H2-receptor drugs
--Many drugs in this category are still called antagonists
38
Chemical antagonism
Direct chemical interaction between two drugs (i.e., a weak acid and weak base)
39
Physiologic antagonism
Two drugs act in the same physiologic system but act on different receptors or pathways
40
Pharmacokinetic antagonism
One drug alters the response to another drug through changes in disposition
41
Pancreatic amylase
reduces polysaccharides to smaller units
Starches → maltose, glucose, etc
42
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, etc
enzymes which reduce proteins to amino acid subunits, which can be absorbed
43
Pancreatic lipase
digest lipids → large triglycerides reduced to fatty acids and monoglycerides
44
what does bile do?
helps emulsify the fats, allowing surface area for the enzymes to work with
45
Insulin
Feasting hormone
Stimuli: high blood glucose
Prevents hyperglycemia
Reduction of blood glucose to normal limits
Promotes storage of 3 nutrients (fats, carbs, and proteins)
46
Glucagon
Fasting hormone
Stimuli: Low blood glucose
keep adequate glucose available in blood for cellular function
Return to normoglycemia
Promotes utilization of 3 nutrients (fats, carbs, and proteins)
47
Intrinsic Factor
Required for Vitamin B-12 Absorption
48
Vitamin B-12
Used in erythropoiesis, cellular metabolism, energy production, DNA creation and regulation, fatty acid synthesis, etc.
49
xiphoid cartilage
The xiphoid process is the smallest region of the sternum, or breastbone. It's made up of cartilage at birth but develops into bone in adulthood. It's located where the lower ribs attach to the breastbone
50
linea alba
thin band of connective tissue that runs down the front of your abdomen. It separates the left and right sides of your rectus abdominis.
An elongate ventral midline tendinous structure
From the xiphoid cartilage to the pubis
51
Umbilical hernia
Escape of abdominal contents through the umbilical ring (if not closed)
52
simple
monolocular
Having a single cavity or chamber.
53
complex
multiocular
having or divided into many small chambers or vesicles
54
composite
has glandular(contains the gastric glands) and non-glandular (used in the storage and digestion of food) regions
found in horse and pig
55
simple glandular
found in man, dog, cat
contains the gastric glands
56
k9 stomach
U-shaped
Pyloric rt. of Mid-line
57
feline stomach
Angulated (J- shaped)
Pyloric lies on or near midline
58
small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
59
large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum and anal canal
60
duodenocolic fold
ascending duodenum's mesoduodenum attached to the descending mesocolon
clinical importance- landmark used during "running of the bowel" during celiotomy
61
descedning duodenum mesoduodenum
contains right lobe of pancreas
62
cecum
it is a diverticulum of the colon
In the right side of the cranial abdomen
Close to dorsal body wall (L2-L4)
dorsal to the jejunum.
63
cecum in cat vs dog
feline - bud or comma
k9- s shape
64
how many lobes does the pancreas have?
one body an d2 lobes
65
where is the pancreas body lay?
at pyloric region
66
right pancreas lobe
lies within the mesoduodenum
67
left pancreas lobe
lies between layers that form the deep leaf of the greater omentum
68
The pancreas functions as what kind of gland?
both exocrine and endocrine
69
chyme
what food leaves stomach as
70
is chyme acidic or basic
highly acidic, due to HCL production in stomach
71
what animal doesnt have a gallbladder?
horse
72
hepatic structure
liver - lobes
microstructure - lobules
73
hepatic portal system
caudal vena cava formed by tributaries draining the digestive tract, spleen, and pancreas
blood (w/ nutrients, toxins, waste products) flows into the liver is processed, and drains into caudal vena cava
74
intrahepatic
shunt is within the liver parenchyma.
Blood does not pass through sinusoids
75
extrahepatic
shunt is between veins and caudal
vena cava, outside the liver parenchyma, bypassing
liver altogether.
76
parasympathetic neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
77
sympathetic neurotransmitters
norepinephrine
epinephrine
- adrenal gland
78
parasympathetic
rest and digest
79
sympathetic
fight or flight
80
cholinergic
mimic acetylcholine
drugs that act as agonists at these parasympathetic receptors
81
anticholinergic
block acetylcholine
drugs that act as antagonists at these receptors
82
M1 muscarinic receptor
forebrain
PSNS effector cells
gastric mucosa, neurons, cerebral cortex
83
M2 muscarinic receptor
heart
PSNS effector cells
cardiac muscles
most therapeutic drugs target tissues with M2 and M3 receptors
84
M3 muscarinic receptor
smooth muscle and exocrine
intestinal smooth muscle and glands
most therapeutic drugs target tissues with M2 and M3 receptors
85
M4 muscarinic receptor
neostriatum, spinal cord, involved in pain
86
M5 muscarinic receptor
brain
dopamine release
87
cholinergenic agonists
mimic the action of acetylcholine
88
anticholinsterases
inhibit the destruction of acetylcholine by blocking acetylcholinerase
89
parasympathomimetic
mimics the actions of the PNS
2 major classes: cholinergic agonists
anticholinesterases
90
parasympathomimetic drug effects...
stimulates muscles contraction in... parotid gland
eye
bladder
GI tract
SLUDD
91
parasympatholytic
anticholinergic
interrupt parasympathetic nerve impulses in the CNS and ANS
prevent acetylcholine from stimulating cholinergic receptors
92
parasympatholytic drug effects
relax muscles in...
parotid gland
eye
bladder
GI tract
ABDUCT
93
sympathetic receptors
alpha adrenergic 1&2
beta adrenergic 1&2
94
sympathomimetics
drugs that act as agonists at sympathetic receptors
95
sympatholytics
drugs that act as antagonists at sympathetic receptors
96
oxytocin
hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
mammary stim. (+)
inc smooth muscle contraction in uterus and mammary gland
97
vasopressin (anti diuretic hormone)
hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
inc blood osmolality (+)
dec blood volume (+)
inc water retention by kidney
inc smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels
98
ACTH
anterior pituitary
inc CTRH (+), corticosteroids (-)
inc hydrocortisol
inc cortisol
99
GH
anterior pituitary
inc somatomedins (-)
growth
liver produces somatomedins which inhibit GHRH
gluconeogenesis
100
TSH
anterior pituitary
inc TSHRH (+)
inc thyroxin
101
aldosterone
adrenal cortex
dec Na+ (+)
Na+ resorption kidney, water follows
K+ loss kidney
102
cortisone
adrenal cortex
inc ACTH (+)
chronic stress (+)
gluconeogenesis, etc.
moderate down regulation of inflammation
103
hydrocortisone
adrenal cortex
inc ACTH down regulation of inflammation
moderate gluconeogenesis, etc.
104
epinephrine
adrenal medulla, specific cell type acute stress (+)
inc gluconeogenesis
vasoactive effects
105
norepinephrine
adrenal medulla, specific cell type
acute stress (+)
inc gluconeogenesis
vasoactive effects
106
thyroxine
thyroid follicles
inc TSH (+)
basal metabolic rate
growth
107
calcitonin
thyroid parafollicular
inc Ca2+ (+)
dec Ca2+ by deposition in bone,
inc Ca2+ loss from kidney
108
parathormone
parathyroid
dec Ca2+ (+)
resorb Ca2P04 from bones, increase gut absorption of Ca2+
109
insulin
B cells (pancreas islets)
inc glucose (+)
various metabolic effects with sugar, protein, fat
110
renin
juxtaglomerular app.
dec blood pressure
an enzyme, not a hormone. cleaves angiotensin
111
angiotensin
macula densa always around inc mineralocorticoid production from adrenal cortex
112
vitamin D
cholecalciferol
inc parathormone (+)
inc Ca2+ absorption from gut
113
Edward Jenner
cow pox and smallpox; “vacca”= cows
Concept: protection by related diseases
114
L. Pasteur
vaccination-live avirulent
Concept: germs cause the disease; harsh conditions will reduce the ability of germs to cause disease
“Chance favors the prepared mind”
115
Salomon
killed bacteria; Von Behring and Kitasato (toxin filtrates)
Concept: products of germs can also be protective
116
E. Metchnikoff
demonstrated existence of phagocytes; this was the first demonstration of part of innate immune system
Concept: big cells eat “germs” – macrophage phagocytes
117
Owen/Medawar/Burnet
Concept: immune system tolerates (tolerance) its own tissues (antigens)
118
Roitt/ Doniach (in humans); Noel Rose (experimental animals)
Concept: immune system is capable of attacking itself – autoimmunity (break in tolerance)
119
Mossman/Kauffman
Concept: identified cytokines as chemical messengers; classified cells based on type of cytokines
120
Bruce A Beutler/ Jules A. Hoffmann/ Ralph M. Steinman
Concept: role of innate immune cells; awarded Nobel Prize in 2011
