exam 3 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
grouping people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
A
socioeconomic status
2
Q
top 5 percent of population
$100,000 or more
1% blue bloods
4% earned success
A
upper class
3
Q
born to wealth
A
blue bloods
4
Q
15% of population
$63,000-100,000
occupations require significant education
A
upper middle class
5
Q
33 % of population
$40000-63000
occupations require college education
professional occupations
A
lower middle class
6
Q
30% of population
$20000-40000 annual income
high school educated
vulnerable to financial problems
A
working class
7
Q
14% of population
less than $20,000
often hold 2-3 minimum wage jobs
A
lower class
8
Q
chronically unemployed or on welfare
many homeless
1% of population
A
poor
9
Q
who is more likely to be in poverty
A
single parent families
minority
u.s. children
10
Q
which socioeconomic status is schools made for
A
middle class
11
Q
a group made up of individuals who have a shared sense of identity, usually because of a common place of origin, religion, or race
A
ethnicity
12
Q
reflects only physical characteristics
A
race
13
Q
share norms, traditions, behaviors, language, and perceptions of the group
A
culture
14
Q
school programs for students who are acquiring english that teach the students in their first language part of the time while english is being learned
A
bilingual education
15
Q
sink or swim in english instructional setting; esl for lowest levels of english proficiency to build oral english
A
english immersion
16
Q
teach reading and other in native language; transition to english over several years
A
transitional
17
Q
teach reading and other in both languages
A
paired
18
Q
for all students, teach in both languages
A
two-way
19
Q
education that values diversity and includes the perspective of a variety of cultural groups on a regular basis
A
multicultural education
20
Q
ability to figure out how to get what you want out of life by purposefully using your strengths to compensate for your weaknesses
A
intelligence
21
Q
general aptitude for learning, often measured by the ability to deal with abstractions and solve problems
A
intelligence
22
Q
an intelligence test score that for people of average intelligence should be near 100
A
IQ
23
Q
learning through spoken and written words: reading, listening, speaking, and writing
A
verbal linguistic
24
Q
learning through reasoning and problem solving: numbers
A
mathematical- logical
25
learning through songs, patters, rhythms, instruments
musical
26
learning visually and organizing ideas, think in images and pictures
visual spatial
27
learning through interaction with one’s environment: concrete experiences
bodily/kinesthetic
28
learning through feelings, values, and attitudes: understand other people
intrapersonal
29
learning through interactions with others; working collaboratively
interpersonal
30
learning through classification, categories, and hierarchies:
ability to pick up on subtle differences
naturalist
31
learning by seeing the big picture, real world understanding
existential
32
learn best when information is presented using patterns, shapes and other visual aids
visual learners
33
learn best when information is spoken or heard
auditory learners
34
prefer info to be presented using words
read/write
35
hands on, participatory learners
kinesthetic
36
a change in an individual caused by experience
learning
37
a change in behavior, looks for connections between experiences and behaviors
behavioral learning
38
a change in thinking, looks at processing information and building knowledge
cognitive learning
39
learning takes place
intentionally and unintentionally
40
something that causes a response
stimulus
41
a stimulus that you didn’t have to teach something to react to
unconditioned stimulus
42
a response from a stimulus that you did not have to be trained to react to
unconditioned response
43
a stimulus that you have to be taught to react to
conditioned stimulus
44
a response that you have to be taught to react to
conditioned response
45
a stimulus that doesn’t mean anything to you yet
neutral stimulus
46
a form of learning in which the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur (Skinner)
operant conditioning
47
application of the principles of operant conditioning to change human behavior
applied behavior analysis
48
a consequence that increases or maintains the behavior
reinforcer
49
a consequence that decreases a behavior
punisher
50
deliberately not applying a consequence, as a way to decrease that behavior
extinction
51
satisfies basic human needs
primary reinforcer
52
acquire their value by association with primary reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
53
a rewarding stimulus/ give something
positive reinforcement
54
remove a stimulus/take away
negative reinforcement
55
making access to a reinforcer by doing something less rewarding
premack principle
56
when people engage in behaviors just because it is pleasurable to do
intrinsic reinforcer
57
rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior they normally don’t do
extrinsic reinforcer
58
give something to decrease behavior
positive punishment
59
taking away something to decrease behavior
negative punishment
60
behavior must be broken down into small realistic steps and as responses are made and reinforced, each step is mastered
shaping
61
refers to how often a particular response is reinforced or how much time passes before a response is reinforced
schedule of reinforcement
62
behavior that is reinforced every time it happens
continuous reinforcement
63
rewards after a certain number of behaviors
ratio
64
rewards after a period of time
interval
65
specific number or time
fixed
66
unpredictable number or time
variable
67
do 5 problems
fixed ratio
68
do 5 times
do 7 times
do 2 times
variable ratio
69
same amount of time
fixed interval
70
different wait time each time
variable interval
71
holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
social cognitive theory
72
social cognitive theorist
boba dolls
albert bandura
73
steps for observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
74
must attend to model and what they are doing (status of model is important)
attention
75
must code the info and keep it in memory so they can retrieve it, vividness and clear directions are important
retention
76
to prove they learned, should produce behavior. might need further instruction and practice to get it completely right
reproduction
77
if believe they will be reinforced, are much more likely to produce behavior
motivation
78
people learn by seeing others reinforced or punished for engaging in behaviors
vicarious learning
79
if children see positive consequences from a particular type of behavior, they are more likely to repeat the behavior themselves
social modeling
80
people observe their own behavior, judge it against there own standards, and reinforce or punish themselves
self regulated learning
81
the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
self efficacy
82
jamie spanks his child for playing in the street
positive punishment
83
an A on exam that you studied real hard for
positive reinforcement
84
brie cleans her room to keep her parents off her back
negative reinforcement
85
getting a paycheck
positive reinforcement
86
reducing anxiety by smoking a cigarette
negative reinforcement
87
embarrassing a student for a giving a wrong answer
positive punishment
88
taking an aspirin to relieve a headache
negative reinforcement
89
receiving a hug from your parents after throwing a temper tantrum
positive reinforcement
90
getting fired from your job because you show up late to work
negative punishment
91
reducing the amount of homework when students behave well during class
negative reinforcement
92
lindsay wasn’t doing well in her 6th grade math class. Her teacher told her parents that lindsay handed in less than 50 percent of her assignments. her parents told lindsay that any day on which she did not hand in her homework she would be sent to bed right after dinner. as a result of this threat, lindsay had handed in her assignment 97% of the time
negative reinforcement
93
in order to receive his allowance jake cleans up his room regularly
positive reinforcement
94
greg does not go to the dentist every 6 months for a check up. instead, he waited until a tooth really hurts, then goes to the dentist. after 2 emergency trips to the dentist, greg now goes to the dentist every 6 months like he should
negative reinforcement
95
after cassie flirted with someone else at the party, her boyfriend stopped talking to her. cassie did not flirt at the next party
negative punishment
96
the annoying student jumps up and down, hand raised, yelling “me, me, me” until the teacher calls on her. the child jumps and yells even more in the future
positive reinforcement
97
you get paid once every two weeks
fixed interval
98
slot machines at casinos payoff after a certain number of plays
variable ratio
99
students are released from class when the end of the period bell rings
fixed interval
100
you get a nickel for every pop can you return
fixed ratio
101
sometimes the mail is delivered at 1, sometimes at 3
variable interval
102
a car salesman who gets a commission on each sale
continuous reinforcement
103
getting a small increase in your hourly wage every 6 months
fixed interval
104
honor roll is announced every 9 weeks and prizes are given out
fixed interval
105
your dog loves to go on walks around the neighborhood. you begin an experiment by clapping your hand three times before getting the leash to walk the dog. Soon every time you clap your hands the dog comes running. This is an example of what concept?
classics conditioning
106
you visit a new friend for the first time and as you enter his apartment, his cat hisses and jumps on you from above the doorway.. this happens for several nights. then one evening you come in for a visit and at the sound of the cats hiss you jump quickly to one side and the cat lands on the floor next to you. the cats hiss it the
conditioned stimulus
107
ellen is training her cat to go to the bathroom outside by putting the litter box closer and closer to the door with a treat, eventually putting it in the backyard. this best exemplifies
shaping
108
after a child has a tantrum at a store, his mother refuses to buy him what he wants. this is an example of
negative punishment
109
the food given to a mouse in the skinner box would be classified as a
positive reinforcer
110
if a little girl screams and cries so that finally her mother agrees to give her a candy bar, who’s behavior is being reinforced
both the mother and daughters behavior
111
molly was ecstatic when she learned her family was going to the state fair next weekend. when her family arrived at the state fair the temperature was in excess of 100 degrees, but molly didn’t care because she was finally there. Molly stopped and watched some clowns performing next to the carousel. As she watched the silly antics of the clowns with the carousel music playing in the background, molly got more and more sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually, she fainted from the heat. After that trip to the state fair, every time molly hears carousel music she feels a little dizzy
unconditioned stimulus- 100 degree weather/ excessive heat
unconditioned response- fainting
the neutral stimulus/ conditioned stimulus- carousel music
conditioned response- to feel dizzy
112
when miah gets back to the dorm after jogging around campus, he likes to take a shower. One morning while taking a shower he hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the shower head and miah experiences excruciating pain. After muttering a few obscenities, he continues showering, A few minutes later, miah hears another toilet flush and he leaps out of the shower
unconditioned stimulus- hot water
unconditioned response/ excruciating pain
neutral/conditioned stimulus- toilet flushing
conditioned response-
leaping out of shower
113
ryan was really looking forward to lunch because his mother had prepared a tuna salad sandwich. Unfortunately, the mayo she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating the sandwich, Ryan felt sick and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich would make ryan nauseous
unconditioned stimulus- spoiled mayo
unconditioned response- felt sick/ rush to bathroom
neutral/conditioned stimulus-
mention of tuna sandwich
conditioned response- feeling nauseous
114
psychologists like to experiment on other organisms in their immediate environment, so jenny decided to perform a few experiments on her kitty, Precious. Jenny had a little clicker that makes a loud click sound. She walked around the house, randomly clicking it while precious rested in the living room. then jenny sat down with precious and used the flash of her camera to flash a bright light at the same time she clicked. precious blinked because of the flash and looked mildly annoyed. jenny repeated this process with her 4 times, then clicked the clicker without using the flash. She still blinked
unconditioned stimulus- flashing light
unconditioned response- blinking
neutral/conditioned stimulus- clicking
conditioned response- blinking
115
after sabrina heard about jenny’s experiment, she wanted to try something with her own cat. Sabrina’s cat tends to follow her around the house. When sabrina feeds her, she puts her food dish on the floor. one day, sabrina tried a new procedure. after she put the food dish on the floor, she would snap her fingers, which was paired with her eating the food and licking her chops. One night about a week ago, a half hour or so before sabrina normally feeds her, they were sitting on the couch. sabrina decided to try snapping her fingers to see if there was any classical conditioning. jasmine looked at sabrina and licked her chops
unconditioned stimulus- eating the food dish
unconditioned response- licking chops
neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus- snapping
conditioned response- licking chops
116
hannah and her sidekick went out on the town to a swanky restaurant. They saw a new food item on the menu ,Fois Gras, and decided to try it. they found it delicious. after retired to bed, avery became nauseous, had a headache, and slept poorly. she tried eating the fois gras since but when looking at it, she immediately feels nauseous and can’t eat it.
unconditioned stimulus- eating the fois gras
unconditioned response- getting sick
neutral/conditioned stimulus- seeing the food
conditioned response- nauseous
117
the culture of most schools in the us tend to reflect
middle class values
118
shared norms, attitudes, and ways of behaving that characterize. group of people are collectively known as
culture
119
the structural bias in traditional classrooms works against lower ses and minority group students because:
there is a mismatch between the cooperative orientation of these students and the competitive orientation of the school
120
socioeconomic status is most often measured as
combination of the individuals income and years of education
121
you are a teacher working with students from a low income neighborhood. based on findings from research on academic progress and ses, you should expect your students, relative to middle class students of the same age to
to lose ground academically over the summer
122
which of the following is not a way to promote resilience
have conversations only about academics
123
education that values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups on a regular basis is known as
multicultural education
124
the idea that humans are divided into distinct groups on the basis of physical characteristics
race
125
the first step in multicultural education is for teachers, administrators, and other school staff to
learn about the culture from which their students come
