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US Gov And Politics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

General Election

A

Election in which voters choose their elected officials

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2
Q

Primary Election

A

Election in which voters select the candidates who will run on the party label for the general election

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3
Q

Incumbency Advantage

A

The advantage an elected official who already holds a position has

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4
Q

Wesberry V Sanders

A

Rules that congressional districts should have roughly equal populations if this is feasible (1964)

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5
Q

Karcher V Daggett

A

(1983) Ruled Gerrymandering was against the constitution even if the populations were similar since it was not in good faith

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6
Q

Shaw V Reno

A

(1983) Ruled that redistricting on the basis or race alone was not sufficient if done beyond a reasonable amount

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7
Q

Shelby County V Holder

A

(2013) Ruled that section 4 of the voting rights act was unconstitutional. Ruled that the formulae to determine which districts were subject to pre clearance was wrong. Made it easier to make it harder for minorities to vote

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8
Q

Safe Seat

A

Seat in congress held reliably by a party

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9
Q

Open Seat

A

An election for a position in congress without an incumbent running

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10
Q

Negativity

A

A campaign strategy telling voters why they should not vote for the opponent by highlighting information that raises doubts

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11
Q

Microtargeting

A

Using detailed info on certain groups in order to specifically target them

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12
Q

Valence Issues

A

Issues that are widely supported and unlikely to differ among candidates

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13
Q

Position Issues

A

Political issues that offer specific policy choices and offen differentiate candidates views and plans of action

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14
Q

Wedge Issues

A

Divisive issues focused on a particular group that candidates use to gain support by taking votes away from their opponents

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15
Q

Reapportionment

A

Redistribution of sears in House of Reps based in population changes

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16
Q

Redistricting

A

Redrawing district lines in order to keep populations similar

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17
Q

Gerrymandering

A

The redrawing of districts for political purposes

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18
Q

Reverion to the Mean

A

If candidates are becoming polarized the ones who will do best are those who appeal most to the middle

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19
Q

Vanishing Marginals

A

Trend marking decline of competitive congressional elections

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20
Q

Coattail Effect

A

A popular president or candidate boosting votes for others in their party

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21
Q

Presidential penalty

A

President’s party does poor in mid terms because people take out their dissatisfaction

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22
Q

Surge and Decline

A

The difference in turnout in presidential elections vs congressional or midterm elections

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23
Q

Hillstyle

A

The way a member represents or gives back to their district from DC

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24
Q

Homestyle

A

The way a legislator reps their district when they are in it

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25
Strategic Politician Hypothesis
Effect that the strength of econ and pop of pres have on decision to run for congredd
26
Public Opinion
Aggregate of attitudes about certain issues or officals
27
Voting Public
The people of the public who vote
28
Issue Public
Members of the public who focus on one issue
29
Religiosity
Having strong religious feelings or belief
30
Religious Saliency
The importance of religion in one’s life
31
Confidence Interval
A statistical range that takes random error into account
32
Representative Sample
Method of selection that allows a sample to be a reflection of the entire population
33
Random Sample
Method of selection that gives everyone who might be selected an equal chance to participate
34
Self Interest
Concern for one’s own advantage and well being
35
Rationality
Acting in a way consistent with one’s self interest
36
Levels of Conceptualization
Measure of how ideologically coherent individuals are in their political evaluations
37
Political Socialization
Process by which individuals learn and internalize their own political perception
38
Gender Gap
Difference in attitude between men and women
39
Socializing Agents
Combo of social groups and institutions that provide the experiences of socialization
40
Political Trust
Extent people believe the gov acts in their best interests
41
Tracking Polls
Polls that gauge changes in opinion of the dame sample size over a period of timr
42
Exit Polls
Polls that sample voters immediately after voting to try and predict election results before all votes are counted
43
Push Polls
Polls designed to manipulate those being polled
44
Nonattitudes
A source of error when people give an opinion on something when they don’t have an opinion or are uninformed
45
Polarization
Condition in which differences between parties or public are so stark that disagreement breaks out
46
Indoctrination thesis
Teaching someone to accept beliefs without questioning them
47
Enlightenment Theory
Reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy
48
Exposure Thesis
Exposure to new ideas may change your way of thinking
49
Generational Effect
Major events that change an entire generation’s perceptions about events (9/11)
50
Life Cycle Effect
The idea that your views change as your progress through different stages in life
51
Mass Media
News sources such as newspapers, tele, radio and internet. Purpose is to provide a large audience with info
52
News Media
Subset of mass media that reports the news, gathered and supported by journalists
53
Watchdog
Role of press in monitoring gov actions
54
Framing
The ability of the media to influence perception about a certain issue by constructing the discussion a certain way (how it is presented)
55
Agenda Setting
Ability of media to affect the way people view issues by controlling which stories are shown
56
Priming
The process where the media influenced the criteria the public uses to make decisions (what is presented)
57
Media Consolidation
Media being owned by large groups
58
Ideological Bias
Bias that is influenced by the ideology of the presenters
59
Selective Perception
Process where partisans perceive the same information differently
60
Selective Exposure
The choice to only listen to sources they agree with
61
Minimal Effects Model
View of media impact as minimal as most people seek news to reinforce beliefs
62
Not so minimal effects model
View of the media’s impact ad substantial
63
Sound bite
A short audio snippet from a recorded interview
64
Horse Race Coverage
Focusing on polling data and perception rather than policy, only focuses on differences
65
Pack Journalism
When reporters from different outlets collab to cover the same story
66
Hard News
Political news that is more fact based
67
Soft News
Journalism that blurs line between information and entertainment
68
Personalization Bias
Tendency to down play social, econ and polit developments to focus on the human trials
69
Dramatization Bias
News stories that can be easily dramatized into simple stories
70
Fragmentation Bias
Isolation of stories so that it becomes harder to see the bigger picture
71
Politics as a Game
Focusing on winners and losers rather than substance
72
Uncontrolled Media
Media not under control of an organization
73
Controlled Media
Media controlled by an organization
74
Selection Bias
When the people included in a study are not an accurate representation of the whole population
75
Commercial Bias
Information presented in a manner that attempts to sway opinion in favor of a commercial business

US Gov And Politics (1 decks)

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