Exam 3

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

Portions of DNA that code for specific proteins

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

The entire genetic compliment of an organism

Question 3

Nucleotide

Answer 3

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group

Question 4

Complementary

Answer 4

A property of double stranded nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNA:RNA duplexes

Question 5

Nucleoid

Answer 5

Where genome resides in the prokaryotic cells

Question 6

Peptides

Answer 6

Long chains of amino acids

Question 7

Semi conversative

Answer 7

1 from parent 1 new

Question 8

Polymerization

Answer 8

Anabolic, enter chronic reactions to build a polymer out of monomers

Question 9

Replication fork

Answer 9

Just where the DNA strand had been unzipped by DNA helicase

Question 10

DNA polymerase

Answer 10

Replicates DNA only five end to three end. Adds nucleotides

Question 11

Okazaki fragments

Answer 11

Small segments that make up the lagging strand

Question 12

DNA ligase

Answer 12

Enzyme that bonds together individual Okazaki fragments

Question 13

Primase

Answer 13

Enzyme that adds RNA primers to the template strands

Question 14

 primers

Answer 14

Small pieces of RNA to give DNA polymerase a place to start

Question 15

ORI/ origin

Answer 15

Where Bacterial DNA replication begins

Question 16

Transcription

Answer 16

Information in DNA is copied to RNA

Question 17

Translation

Answer 17

Polypeptides synthesized from RNA

Question 18

Where transcription happens in prokaryotes

Answer 18

Nucleoid region of the cytoplasm

Question 19

Where transcription happens in eukaryotes

Answer 19

Nucleus

Question 20

Three stages of transcription and translation

Answer 20

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 21

 initiation in transcription

Answer 21

RNA polymerase binds at 3’ promoter site

Question 22

Bubble

Answer 22

Does not need primer and unzips it’s self. Break Spond around it so you can access the one strand of DNA it needs. Happens in initiation of transcription

Question 23

Elongation in transcription

Answer 23

Complementary base is added to a 3’ end

Question 24

Termination in transcription

Answer 24

Self terminate (folds in on itself) or rho-dependent (protein that rna polymerase runs into like a speed bump)

Question 25

Post processes that occur in eukaryotes during transcription

Answer 25

Capping with mod-guanine and Poly-A tail

Question 26

 introns

Answer 26

“In” between the genes. Non-coding

Question 27

Exons

Answer 27

Are “ex”pressed. These are the actual genes

Question 28

Promoter site

Answer 28

The signal for the RNA polymerase to get started on initiation in transcription

Question 29

Splicing

Answer 29

Removed all the introns

Question 30

Alternative splicing

Answer 30

Can remove some exons so it’s only a few number of genes are carried (alternative to fit the specific proteins)

Question 31

Strat codon

Answer 31

AUG

Question 32

Stop codon

Answer 32

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 33

Initiation in translation

Answer 33

Attaches to the start codon (AUG) and binds to the A site

Question 34

Elongation in translation

Answer 34

A site moves to the P site where it builds polypeptides and then moves to the E site and exits

Question 35

Termination in translation

Answer 35

Whenever the mRNA reaches a stop codon

Question 36

Deleterious

Answer 36

Bad or harmful (mutations)

Question 37

Types of mutations

Answer 37

Point mutations (SNPs) and gross mutations

Question 38

Point mutations

Answer 38

Silent, missense, and nonsense

Question 39

Silent mutation

Answer 39

No change to the resulting protein

Question 40

Missense mutation

Answer 40

Changes an amino acid in the proteins

Question 41

Nonsense mutation

Answer 41

Changes a normal codon to a stop codon

Question 42

Genetic recombination

Answer 42

Exchange of nucleotide sequences between two different DNA molecules (similar to crossing over in meiosis)

Question 43

3 types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes

Answer 43

Transformation (take up dna from environment and incorporate into genome), transduction (dna is incorporated into genome via lytic cycle (generalized) or Lysogenic (specialized)), and conjugation (transfer requires physical contact)

Question 44

Operon

Answer 44

A segment of the prokaryotic genome that contains all of the genes for a particular function, and the regulatory elements for that gene

Question 45

The human genome only contains around 22,000 genes, but we are able to make it upwards to a 500,000 unique proteins due to what?

Answer 45

Alternative splicing

Question 46

The short stretch of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

Answer 46

Promoter

Question 47

Vivo

Answer 47

In cell

Question 48

Vitro

Answer 48

In lab

Question 49

Ideal microbial control method/agent

Answer 49

Inexpensive, fast acting, stable during storage, harmful to microbes and harmless to all else