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FAD 2230 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Collectivist society

A
  • A society in which people identify with and conform to the expectations of their relatives or clan, who look after their interests in return for their loyalty
    ○ Formed by gathering or collecting; gathered into a mass, sum or body; congregated or aggregated
    ○ Emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs & desires of each individual
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2
Q

Communal society

A
  • A society in which people identify with and conform to the expectations of their relatives or clan, who look after their interests in return for their loyalty
    ○ Pertaining to a community
    ○ Everyone lives and works together and property and possessions are shared rather than being owned by a particular person
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3
Q

Heteronormativity

A
  • The idea that heterosexuality is the only normal, acceptable, or “real” marriage option
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4
Q

Legal Same-Sex Marriage

A
  • US Census says a million same-sex households with 60% married (1% of all) and 16% with children
    • In 2000, Netherlands became the first country to allow same-sex marriage
      • Today, 20 others allow
      • 2015, US joined
    • In 2004, Massachusetts became the first US state to legalize
    • Before, many identified as spouses anyways and some declared commitment in ceremonies among friends or in some congregations
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5
Q

Companionate marriage

A
  • Sowed idea with women’s increasing educational and work options, coupled with their expectations for more intimate marital love
    • An individualistic orientation views each person in a married couple as having talents that deserve to be actualized
      ○ Women began to embrace self-actualization and to expect husband’s support on it
      ○ Furthermore, they challenged centuries of previously ignored domestic violence
    • Feminists defined this situation somewhat differently
      ○ Attention to domestic abuse, unequal couple decision making, and unfair division of household labor
      ○ Also wife’s ability to leave an intolerable situation through divorce
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6
Q

Expectations of permanence

A
  • One component of marriage premise, according to which individuals enter marriage expecting that mutual affection and commitment will be lasting
    • Derived from fact that marriage was historically a practical institution
    • Today, marriage is less decisively associated with raising children than in the past and less critically important for economic security
    • With about 1/3rd ending in divorce, considered less permanent now
    • Holds potential for life-long togetherness
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7
Q

Expectations of sexual exclusivity

A
  • spouses promise to have sexual relations only with each other
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8
Q

Individualistic society

A
  • Society in which the main concern is with one’s own interests (which may or may not include those of one’s immediate family)
    • The emergent individualistic orientation meant diminished obedience to group authority because people increasingly saw themselves as separate individuals rather than an intrinsic members of a group or collective
      ○ Began to expect self-fullfilment and satisfaction, personal achievement, and happiness
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9
Q

Individualizaed marraige

A
  • 4 characteristics
    ○ It is optional
    ○ Spouses’ roles are flexible- negotiable and re-negotiable
    ○ Its expected rewards involve love, communication, and emotional intimacy
    ○ It exists in conjunction with a vast diversity of family forms
    • Partners now expect love and emotional intimacy, open communication, role flexibility, gender equality, and personal growth
      ○ Perhaps also expect more personal autonomy
    • Unrealistic expectations may also precipitate divorce
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10
Q

Institutional marriage

A
  • Marriage as a social institution based on dutiful adherence to the marriage premise
    • Offered practical and emotional security, along with the rewards that we often associate with custom & tradition
    • With few expectations over the past 5,000 years, institutional marriage was organized according to patriarchal authority, requiring a wife’s obedience to her husband and the kinship group
      ○ Also true that, legally, it could involve wife & child abuse or neglect
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11
Q

Marriage gap

A
  • Disparity in marriage rates between the poor and those who are not poor
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12
Q

Marriage Premise

A
  • By getting married, partners accept the responsibility to keep each other primary in their lives and to work hard to ensure that their relationship continues
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13
Q

Polyamory

A
  • Many loves and refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually love others in addition to their spouse
    • Outside relationships can be emotional, as well as sexual
    • Usually establish limits on degree of involvement, along with ground rules concerning honesty
    • Some want to establish legally sanctioned group marriages and have begun to organize in that direction
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14
Q

Polygamy

A
  • Form of polygamy whereby a man can have multiple wives
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15
Q

Polyandry

A
  • Form of polygamy in which a woman has multiple husbands
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16
Q

Swinging

A
  • Marriage arrangement in which couples exchange partners to engage in purely recreational sex
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17
Q

Accomplishment of natural growth parentig model

A
  • Educational model in which children’s abilities are allowed to develop naturally; this includes working-class children spending more time watching television and playing video games than children of highly educated parents
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18
Q

Stress model of parental effectiveness

A
  • The idea that stress experienced by parents causes parental frustration, anger, and depression, increasing the likelihood of household conflict and leading to poorer parenting practices
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19
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A
  • All decision making is in parents’ hands, and the emphasis is on compliance with rules and directives
    • Parents are more punitive than supportive, and use of physical punishment is likely
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20
Q

Authoritative parenting

A
  • Parents accept the child’s personality and talents and are emotional supportive
    • At the same time, they consciously set and enforce rules & limits, whose rationale is usually explained to the child
    • Parents provide guidance and direction and state expectations for the child’s behavior
    • Parents are in charge, but the child is given responsibility and must take the initiative in completing schoolwork and other tasks and in solving child-level problems
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21
Q

Permissive parenting

A
  • One of three parenting styles in this schema, permissive parenting gives children little parental guidance
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22
Q

Formal kinship care

A
  • Out-of-home placement with biological relatives of children who are in the custody of the state
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23
Q

Hierarchical parenting

A
  • Concept used to describe a Hispanic parenting philosophy that blends warm emotional support for children with demand for significant respect for parents and other authority figures, including older extended-family members
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24
Q

Hyper-parenting

A

A parenting style; once dubbed helicopter parents
Hover over and meddle excessively in their chidlren’s lives

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25
Q

Intensive parenting

A

synonym for hyper-parenting
○ The overscheduled or “hurried child” is denied free time while encouraged to assume too many challenges and responsibilities too soon

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26
Q

Paradox parenting

A
  • New parents feel overwhelmed, but the motivation to overcome their stress and do their best proceeds from the stressor itself- the child as a source of love, joy, and satisfaction
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27
Q

Permissive parenting

A
  • One of three parenting styles in this schema, permissive parenting gives children little parental guidance
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28
Q

Resilient

A
  • The ability to recover from challenging situations
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29
Q

Social fathers

A
  • Males who are not biological fathers but perform the roles of a father, such as stepfather
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30
Q

Spanking

A
  • Refers to hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury
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31
Q

Household labor

A
  • Less housework is being done now than in the past
  • Men’s share of housework is greater than in the past
    • Women still average more household labor hours than men
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32
Q

Childcare

A
  • The care and education of children by people other than their parents
    ○ May include before- and after-school for older children and overnight care when employed parents must travel, as well as day care for preschool children
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33
Q

Family-friendly workplace policies

A
  • Workplace policies that are supportive of employee efforts to combine family and work commitments
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34
Q

Family leave

A
  • A leave of absence from work granted to family members to care for new infants, newly adopted children, ill children, or aging parents, or to meet similar family needs or emergencies
    • Resistance men encounter may be partly a self-imposed perception that they will be viewed as less committed employees if they access options such as paternity leave
      ○ Some reported having lied to boss to hide conflicts between job and family
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35
Q

Flexible scheduling

A
  • A type of employment scheduling that includes scheduling options such as job sharing and flextime
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36
Q

Flextime

A

A policy that permits an employee some flexibility to adjust working hours to suit family needs or personal preference

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37
Q

Job sharing

A

two people sharing one job

38
Q

Kin keeping

A
  • Maintaining contact with family members and remembering anniversaries and birthdays, sending cards, shopping for gifts, and organizing family activities; more frequently done by women than by men
39
Q

Labor force

A
  • A social invention that arose with the industrialization of the 19th century, when people characteristically became wage earners, hiring out their labor to someone else
40
Q

Motherhood penalty

A

Negative lifetime impact on earnings for women who raise children

41
Q

Occupational segregation

A
  • The distribution of men and women into substantially different occupations
    ○ Women are overrepresented in clerical and service work, for example, whereas men dominate the higher professions and the upper levels of management
42
Q

Provider role

A
  • A term for the family role involving wage work to support the family
    ○ May be carried out by one spouse or partner only or by both
43
Q

Second shift

A
  • Sociologist Arlie Hochschild’s term for the domestic work that employed women must perform after coming home from a day on the job
44
Q

Self care

A
  • An approach to child care for working parents in which the child is at home or out without an adult caretaker
    ○ Parents may be in touch by phone
45
Q

Shift work

A
  • As defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, any work schedule in which more than half of an employee’s hours are before 8 am or after 4 pm
46
Q

Spillover

A
  • How pleasures or stresses associated with work affect interaction within the family, and vice versa
47
Q

Stay-at-home dads

A
  • Men who stay at home to care for their houses and families while their wives work
48
Q

Two-career relationship

A
  • Relationship now seen as an available and workable option
    For two-career couples with children, however, family life can be hectic as partners juggle schedules, chores, and child care
49
Q

Two-earner partnerships

A
  • Two-earner and provider-housewife couples in which both partners work; arrangements are ever-changing and flexible, varying with the arrival and ages of children and with partners’ job options and preferences
50
Q

Unpaid family work

A
  • The necessary tasks of attending to both the emotional needs of all family members and the practical needs of dependent members, such as children or elderly parents, and maintaining the family domicile
51
Q

Work-family conflict

A
  • On the macro, or society-wide, level often results in personal experiences of role conflict
    ○ Role conflict: meeting the demands of one institution conflicts with meeting the simultaneous but different demand of another
    ○ Study on medical students in US and Great Britain found female students anticipated role conflict while males seemed less influenced by family concerns
52
Q

Wage gap

A
  • The persistent difference in earnings between men and women
    • Varies, depending on occupation and tends to be greater in the more elite, higher-paying jobs
53
Q

Binuclear family

A
  • One family in 2 household units
    • Term created to describe a post-divorce family in which both parents remain involved and children have a home in both households
54
Q

Child support

A
  • Money paid by the noncustodial parent to the custodial parent to financially support children of a former marital, cohabiting, or sexual relationship
55
Q

Co-parenting

A
  • Shared decision making and parental supervision in such areas as discipline and schoolwork or shared holidays and recreation
    • Can refer to parents working together in a marriage or other ongoing relationship or after divorce or separation
56
Q

Crude divorce rate

A
  • The number of divorces per 1,000 population
    • Number of divorces per 1,000 married women over age 15
57
Q

Divorce mediation

A
  • A nonadversarial means of dispute resolution by which the couple, with the assistance of a mediator or mediators (frequently a lawyer-therapist team), negotiate the terms of their settlement of custody support, property, and visitation issues
58
Q

Economic hardship perspective

A
  • One of the theoretical perspectives concerning the negative outcomes among children of divorced parents
    • From this perspective, it is the economic hardship brought about by marital dissolution that is primarily responsible for problems faced by children
59
Q

Family instability perspective

A
  • The thesis that a negative impact of divorce on children is primarily caused by the number of changes in family structure, not by any particular family form
    • A stable single-parent family may be less harmful to children than a divorce followed by a single-parent family followed by cohabitation, then remarriage, and perhaps a re-divorce
60
Q

Income-to-needs ratio

A
  • An assessment of income as to the degree it meets the needs of the individual, family, or household
61
Q

Independence effect

A

Occurs when an increase in a married woman’s income leads to marital dissolution because she is better able to afford to live separately

62
Q

Interparental conflict perspective

A
  • One of the theoretical perspectives concerning the negative outcomes among children of divorced parents
    • From interparental conflict perspective, the conflict between parents before, during, and after the divorce is responsible for the lowered well-being of the children of divorce
63
Q

Joint custody

A
  • A situation in which both divorced parents continue to take equal responsibility for important decisions regarding their child’s general upbringing
    Can include joint physical custody
64
Q

Legal custody

A
  • Court determination of who has the right to make decisions with respect to a child’s upbringing
65
Q

Life stress perspective

A
  • One of the theoretical perspectives concerning the negative outcomes among children of divorced parents
    • From the life stress perspective, divorce involves the same stress for children as for adults
      ○ Divorce is not one single event but a process of stressful events- moving, changing schools, etc.
66
Q

Parallel parents

A
  • Postdivorce parental relationship in which former partners parent alongside each other with minimal contact, communication, of conflict; associated with worse child outcomes
67
Q

Parental adjustment perspective

A
  • One of the theoretical perspectives concerning the negative outcomes among children of divorced parents
    • From the parental adjustment perspective, the parent’s child-raising skills are impaired as a result of the divorce, with probably negative consequences for the children
68
Q

Parental loss perspective

A
  • One of the theoretical perspectives concerninng the negative outcomes among children of divorced parents
    • From the parental loss perspective, divorce involves the absence of a parent from the household, which deprives children of the optimal environment for their emotional, practical, and social support
69
Q

Physical custody

A
  • Legal determination of where a child will live and with which parent
70
Q

Joint physical custody

A
  • involves the children living at least part of the time with each parent
71
Q

Refined divorce rate

A
  • Number of divorces per 1,000 married women over age 15
    • Number of divorces per 1,000 population
72
Q

Unilaterla divorce

A
  • A divorce can be obtained under the no-fault system by one partner even if the other partner objects
73
Q

Family Systems Theory

A
  • Views the family as a whole, or a system, compromising interrelated parts (the family members) and demarcated by boundaries
74
Q

Family Life Course Development Theory

A
  • Focuses on the family itself as the unit of analysis
    • Based on the idea that the family changes in fairly predictable ways over time
    • Typical stages in family life course are marked by
      ○ Addition or subtraction of family members
      ○ Birth, death, and leaving home
      ○ The various stages that the children go through
      ○ Changes in the family’s connections with other social institutions
      ○ Retirement from work, child’s entry into school, etc.
75
Q

Social Learning Theory

A
  • Suggests children learn gender roles as they are taught or modeled by parents, schools, and the media
    ○ Rewards & punishments that parents & others assign to gender expectations are assumed to be key to behavior patterns
76
Q

Self-Identification Theory

A
  • Developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg that begins with a child’s categorization of self as male or female
    • Child goes on to identify sex-appropriate behaviors in the family, media, and elsewhere and to adopt those behaviors
      ○ Vast categorize as male or female
77
Q

Reiss’ Wheel Theory of Love Development

A
  • An idea developed by Ira Reiss in which love is seen as developing through a 4-stage circular process: Rapport, Self-revelation, Mutual dependency, and personality need fulfillment
78
Q

Rapport

A

○ Mutual trust and respect
○ Similarity of values, interests, and background
□ Can also be established with differences

79
Q

Self-revelation

A

○ Involves gradually sharing intimate information about oneself
○ Opening up may relieve anxiety that is in the early stages
○ People have internalized different views about how much is proper
○ Class, ethnic, or gender-appropriate behaviors influence

80
Q

Mutual dependency

A

○ Interdependence from 2 people desiring to spend more time together
○ Begin to depend on or need each other

81
Q

Personality need fulfillment

A

○ 2 people find that they satisfy a majority of each other’s emotional needs
○ Rapport increases, leading to deeper self-revelation, more mutually dependent habits, and still greater need satisfaction
○ Ongoing exchange and mutual support
○ Theorists more often argue that we are attracted to others whose strengths are harmonious with our own

82
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

A
  • Robert Sternberg’s theory that consummate love involves 3 components- intimacy, passion, and commitment
83
Q

Intimacy

A

close, connected, and bonded feelings in a loving relationship
○ Includes feelings that create the experience of warmth in a loving relationship
○ Conveying and understanding each other’s needs, listening to and supporting each other, and sharing common values, becomes increasingly important as time goes on
○ Slowly develops; increasingly important as time goes on

84
Q

Passion

A

the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and the like in a loving relationship
○ Quickest to develop and to fade
○ Peaks early and remains stable

85
Q

Commitment

A

the decision/commitment component of love
○ Gradually still
○ Associated with reproductive success
○ Essential

86
Q

John Lee’s Styles of Love

A

Different types of love that can exist in a relaitonship
Eros, storge, pragma, ludus, agape, mania

87
Q

Eros

A

○ Passionate, strong physical attraction

88
Q

Storge

A

○ Companionate, mutual love, respect, trust
○ Friendship type of love or long-term relationship

89
Q

Pragma

A

○ Practical, sensible
○ Compliment each other
○ More mind than out of heart

90
Q

Ludus

A

○ Playful, carefree, casual
○ Summer vacation type of love
○ Fun and no intense amount of commitment

91
Q

Agape

A

○ Altruistic, kind, patient
○ Never ending love and benefit the person being loved
○ Patent love

92
Q

Mania

A

○ Obsessive, possessive, intense
○ Mostly unhealthy

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