Exam 3 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Reduced local blood flow
A
Ischemia
2
Q
Increase in cell size
A
Hypertrophy
3
Q
Uterine horn on opposite side as the ovary with the CL
A
Contralateral
4
Q
Local death of a tissue
A
necrosis
5
Q
Mixng of seminal plasma with spermatozoa
A
Emmission
6
Q
Abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in connective tissue
A
Edema
7
Q
Release of spermatozoa into the lumen of seminiferous tubules
A
Spermeation
8
Q
Increased local blood flow
A
Hyperemia
9
Q
Uterine horn on the same side as the ovary with the CL
A
Ipsilateral
10
Q
Increase in cell #
A
Hyperplasia
11
Q
Programmed cell death
A
Apoptosis
12
Q
Destruction of cells by engulfment
A
Phagocytosis
13
Q
Function of calcium
A
Induces cellular pathways associated with apoptisis
14
Q
Function of angiogenic factors
A
Promotes growth of new blood vessels
15
Q
Function of hyaluronidase
A
component of sperm acrosome
16
Q
Function of E-alpha-andronstene
A
Pheromone produced by boar
17
Q
Function of cytokines
A
Intracellular mediators of the immune response
18
Q
Function of LDL
A
Carrier protein for cholesterol
19
Q
Function of norepinephrine (NE)
A
Stimulates vasoconstriction of corporal sinoids
20
Q
Function of cAMP
A
Inhibits meiosis resumption of primary oocyte
21
Q
Function of nitric oxide (NO)
A
Activates the enzyme, guanylate cyclase
22
Q
Function of keratoid proteins
A
Helps keep sperm DNA tightly packed
23
Q
Function of cholesterol esterase
A
Causes release of cholesterol from esters
24
Q
Function of oxytocin
A
Stimulates smooth muscle contractions in cauda epididymis
25
Function of collagenase
Breaks down main component of connective tissue
26
What is the correct order associated with reproductive-specific behavior, including lordosis and mounting response
1. sensory neurons
2. hypothalamus
3. midbraid
4. medulla
5. spinal cord
6. motor neurons
27
What is synonymous with precopulatory behavior?
Attractivity
28
What are the steps of precopulatory behavior / attractivty?
search of sexual partner --> courtship --> sexual arousal --> erection --> penile protrusion
29
What is synonymous with copulatory behavior?
Proceptivity
30
What are the steps of copulatory behavior / proceptivity?
Mounting --> intromission --> ejaculation
31
What is synonymous with postcopulatory behavior?
Receptivity
32
What are the steps of postcopulatory behavior / receptivity?
Dismount --> refractory period --> memory
33
What is the function of the capitulum of the sperm tail?
Connects tail to the sperm head
34
What is the function of the mitochondrial helix of the sperm tail?
Converts substrates into ATP
35
What is the function of the 9-course outer fibers of the sperm tail?
Structural support
36
What is the function of the axoneme of the sperm tail?
Causes movement (contractions)
37
What is the function of the laminated columns of the sperm tail?
Act as a "shock absorber" during flagellar beat
38
What is the function of the equatorial segment of the sperm head?
Separates acrosome region post-nuclear cap region
39
What is the function of the apical ridge of the sperm head?
Indicator of sperm vitality
40
What is the function of the implantation apparatus of the sperm head?
Portion of the tail that connects with sperm head
41
What is the function of the post-nuclear cap of the sperm head?
Covers posterior 1/3 of sperm nucleus
42
What is the function of the acrosome of the sperm head?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes
43
What type of cell secretes testosterone?
Leydig
44
What type of cell secretes inhibin?
Sertoli
45
What type of cell secretes dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?
Sertoli
46
What type of cell secretes estradiol-17B?
Sertoli
47
Would progesterone have a + or - effect on the surge center of the hypothalamus?
-
48
Would progesterone have a + or - effect on the alveoli of mammary glands?
+
49
Would progesterone have a + or - effect on the uterine myometrium?
-
50
Would progesterone have a + or - effect on the anterior pituitary gland?
-
51
Would progesterone have a + or - effect on the uterine endometrium?
+
52
Would progesterone have a + or - effect on the tonic center of the hypothalamus?
-
53
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
Contain secretory granules (ruminants)
LARGE
54
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
<20 micrometers in size
small
55
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
Derived from theca internal cells
small
56
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
Undergo hyperplasia
small
57
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
Contain many lipid droplets
small
58
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
20 - 40 micrometers in size
LARGE
59
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
Irregular (stellate) shape
small
60
Would the following be characteristic of small or LARGE luteal cells?
Undergo hypertrophy
LARGE
61
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The post-nuclear cap is formed from the manchette
Maturation phase
62
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The axoneme begins to form
Cap phase
63
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The acrosomic vesicle forms
Golgi phase
64
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The Golgi apparatus migrates toward the caudal part of the spermatid
Cap phase
65
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The inner and outer acrosomal membranes become distinct
Cap phase
66
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The mitochondria assemble in a helical fashion around the middle piece of the tail
Maturation phase
67
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The proximal and distal centrioles migrate to the base of the spermatid nucleus
Golgi phase
68
Indicate whether descriptions would be characteristics of the Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, or maturation phase.
The acrosome covers the anterior 2/3 portion of the spermatid
Acrosomal phase
69
What type of copulator is the stallion?
Intermediate
70
What type of copulator is the boar?
Sustained
71
What type of copulator is the bull?
Short
72
What type of copulator is the camel?
Sustained (exception)
73
What stage does the following statement match?
The male and female pronuclei are visible at this stage
D
74
What stage does the following statement match?
The chromosomal complement of the oocyte nucleus at this stage would be 1n
C
75
What stage does the following statement match?
This nuclear arrest is at the dictate (dictyotene) stage of prophase I
A
76
What stage does the following statement match?
The oocyte is arrested at this stage until fertilization causes meiosis resumption
B
77
What stage does the following statement match?
The diameter of the oocyte cytoplasm can increase 50-fild during this stage
A
78
What stage does the following statement match?
The chromosomal complement of the oocyte would be 4n
A
79
What stage does the following statement match?
This nuclear arrest is at metaphase II
B
80
What stage does the following statement match?
The chromosomal complement of the oocyte nucleus at this stage would be 2n
B
81
What stage does the following statement match?
Polar body 2 is extended at this stage
C
82
What is the order of the stages of spermatogenesis?
Proliferation --> meiosis --> differentiation
83
How do sperm develop through proliferation?
A1 - A4 type spermatogonia --> I type spermatogonia --> B type spermatogonia
84
How do sperm develop through meiosis?
Primary spermatocytes --> secondary spermatocytes
85
How do sperm develop through differentiation?
Round spermatids --> elongated spermatids
86
What phase(s) of spermatogenesis occur in the basal compartment?
Proliferation
87
What phase(s) of spermatogenesis occur in the abluminal compartment?
Meisosis and differntiation
88
What is associated with remodeling of the follicle into the CL in ruminants?
- Intermixing of granulosa and theca interna cells
- Breakdown of basement membrane by collogenase
- Follicle imploads and it's thrown into folds
89
What is associated with copulation in the dog?
- Release of the first and second fraction of ejaculate prior to the turn
- Enlargement of the bulbisglandis with blood
90
What is part of the pathway associated with sexual preparation of a male?
- Stimulation of muscles associated with ejaculation
- Sensory stimulation (olfactory, auditory, tactile, and optical)
- Secretion of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland
91
What germ cells are susceptible to heat stress in the male?
Primary spermatocytes and round spermatids
92
What is characteristic of flehmen behavior?
- Curing of the upper lip causes a vacuum in the nasopalatine duct
- An ion channel called TRP2 is part of the mechanism to perceive pheromones
- Pheromones are perceived within the vomeronasal organ
93
If a bull is exposed to head stress for 19 days, following initial movement of mature spermatozoa through the epididymis, how long will it take to see the appearance of mature sperm?
19 + 51 = 70 days
94
What would be associated with an erect rather than flaccid penis?
- Relaxation of smooth muscle layer surrounding the corporal sinusoids
- Production of nitric oxide (NO) by NANC neurons
95
What is characteristic of the seminiferous the seminiferous epithelium in the bull?
- Each cycle lasts 13.5 days
- Each stage of the cycle can last different lengths of time
- There are 4.5 cycles
96
What is associated with the process of luteolysis in ruminants?
- Oxytocin receptors are produced in the uterine endometrial glands
- PGF2a is produced in the endometrial glands
97
What is NOT a result of activation of cAMP and protein kinases following LH binding to its receptor on luteal cells?
Improved binding of cholesterol and its carrier protein / receptor complexes into the luteal cell
98
True / False
Stimulation of the sensory neurons in the glans penis result in the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
FALSE
Reason --> triggers afferent neurons in the spinal cord, which causes sudden and powerful contraction of the penile muscles
99
True / False
In sheep, removal of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL extends the lifespan of the CL
True
100
True / False
The "Coolidge effect" is defined as the restoration of mating behavior in a sexually satiated male by introducing a novel female
True
101
True / False
The recommended treatment for a luteal cyst would be to ovulate it by treating with GnRH or hCG
False
Reason --> Give PGF2a to make luteal cysts regress. GnRH or hCG would be given to treat follicular cysts
102
True / False
The ovarian PGF2a produced in women is responsible for menses
False
Reason --> progesterone
103
True / False
PGF2a is produced by cells lining the uterine glands in both the cow and woman
True
104
True / False
During the remodeling of the corpus hemmorragium into the CL in humans and primates, the large and small luteal cells become intermixed
False
Reason --> theca interna and granulosa cells become intermixed
105
True / False
Function (vigor) of the CL is critically dependent on the # of granulosa cells that are detected from the dominant follicle
True
106
True / False
Release of NO by NANC neurons associated with corporal sinusoids results in the activation of cAMP
False
Reason --> results in activation of GTP --> cGMP --> sinusoid smooth muscle relaxes --> erection
107
True / False
In the luteal cell, the activation of cAMP and protein kinases (2nd messenger systems) following LH binding to its receptor results in more cholesterol entering the mitochondria
True
108
Extra credit
Spermatozoa of the American opposum are ejaculated in ____________
Doublets
109
Extra credit
The praying mantis has unusual reproductive behavior. As soon as the male mounts the female and accomplishes intromission, the female _______________
Bites his head off
110
Extra credit
The CL of most rodents (mice, hampsters, and gerbils) does not develop unless ___________ occurs
Copulation
111
Roman snails shoot ______________ at one another before copulation to determine if they are both members of the same species
Love darts
112
During estrus (2-4), lions can copulate more than _______ times.
100
