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PHSC 167 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical Reed

A

Clarinet, Saxophone, Oboe, Bassoon

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2
Q

Lip Reed

A

Trumpet, Trombone, Tuba

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3
Q

Air Jet

A

Flute, Piccolo, Pipe Organ

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4
Q

Bowed String

A

Violin, Chello, Viola, Double Bass

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5
Q

Plucked String

A

Guitar, Harp, Banjo

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6
Q

Struck String

A

Piano, Dulcimer

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7
Q

Musical Interval

A

𝑓𝑓1𝑓𝑓2=𝑣𝑣1/2𝐿𝐿1𝑣𝑣1/2𝐿𝐿2=𝐿𝐿2𝐿𝐿1

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8
Q

Consonant intervals

A

8th, 5th, 3rd, 4th

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9
Q

Dissonant intervals

A

7th, 2nd

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10
Q

Pulse register

A

vocal folds have low tension

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11
Q

Chest register

A

vocal folds have large effective mass, large vibration amplitude and normal tension

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12
Q

Falsetto register

A

vocal folds are long and thin

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13
Q

Define and identify the functions of formant tuning used during singing.

A

If the singer’s fundamental frequency is above the first formant, the singer will adjust their vocal tract so that the first formant lines up with the fundamental frequency.

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14
Q

Flute

A

cylindrical bore (open –open), all harmonics

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15
Q

Clarinet

A

cylindrical bore w/ small bell (closed – open), odd harmonics

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16
Q

Trombone

A

cylindrical bore w/ large bell (closed – open), all harmonics

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17
Q

Saxophone

A

conical bore w/ small bell (closed – open), all harmonics

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18
Q

open-open bore (flute)

A

v(air)/2L(e)

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19
Q

closed-open bore (clarinet)

A

v(air/4L(e)

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20
Q

Soft blowing

A

higher harmonics with very low amplitude

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21
Q

Loud blowing

A

higher harmonics with higher amplitude.

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22
Q

mechanical reed

A

strongly interactions between the reed and the air column

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23
Q

lip reed instrument

A

some interaction between the lips and the air column

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24
Q

lip tension

A

dictates the mode of the instrument.

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25
Q

vocal folds

A

have no interaction with the vocal tract

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26
Q

the effect of a bell on an instrument

A

The bell alters the partials of the bore to have more harmonic ratios. It also allows the modes to radiate sound more efficiently, especially at high frequencies.

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27
Q

functions of the bell for a lip-reed instrument

A

The bell alters the partials of the bore to have more harmonic ratios. It also allows the modes to penetrate further into the bell at high frequencies and radiate sound more efficiently.

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28
Q

Identify the functions of the mouthpiece for a lip-reed instrument.

A

The mouthpiece increases resonant peak heights

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29
Q

Identify the functions of the bore modes for a lip-reed instrument.

A

The lip reed plays the modes of the bore which have harmonic relationships

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30
Q

Record a trumpet and play back at half the speed

A

(trombone)

31
Q

Record a trumpet and play back at 1/4th the speed

A

tuba

32
Q

Record a tube and play it back at double speed

A

trombone

33
Q

Record a tube and play it back at 4x the speed

A

(trumpet)

34
Q

identify which of the frequencies will cooperate

A

The frequencies which “cooperate” in producing a tone will be those that are harmonically related.

35
Q

Identify what mechanism causes a flute to sound a note an octave higher

A

Overblowing will raise the note an octave

36
Q

Identify what mechanism causes a clarinet to sound a note an octave higher

A

Clarinet: Opening the register hole will raise the note by a 12th

37
Q

Identify what mechanism causes a trombone to sound a note an octave higher

A

Trombone: Changing the tension in the lips will shift the note up by an octave

38
Q

Beating

A

Subtract the 2 frequencies from eachother

39
Q

Effective Length of a Cylinder

A

Larger diameters will have a longer effective length and smaller diameters will have a shorter effective length.

40
Q

Bell’s effect on effective length of Cylinder

A

A bell will make the cylinder appear longer at high frequencies.

41
Q

Describe how to alter the bowing speed, the position of the bow with respect to the bridge, and the bowing force to make a louder or softer tone on a bowed-string instrument.

A

The make a louder tone on a bowed string instrument, the player can bow faster or bow closer to the bridge (or both).

42
Q

Piano

A

struck string with radiation from a soundboard

43
Q

Harp

A

plucked string with radiation from a soundboard

44
Q

Guitar

A

plucked string with radiation from a body

45
Q

Violin / cello

A

bowed string with radiation from a body

46
Q

If the air volume increases

A

the air resonance frequency decreases

47
Q

If the air volume decreases

A

the air resonance frequency increases

48
Q

If the string density increases

A

the frequencies of the string will decrease

49
Q

If the wood density increases

A

the wood resonance frequencies will decrease

50
Q

A hammer with harder felt

A

will excite more high frequency harmonics

51
Q

a hammer with softer felt

A

will excite fewer high frequency harmonics

52
Q

A narrower hammer

A

excite more high frequency harmonics

53
Q

Just Tuning

A

Uses exact frequency ratios for common intervals but requires a new tuning for different musical keys

54
Q

Pythagorean Tuning

A

Preserves the major 5thand major 4thintervals but ends up out of tune at high and low notes.

55
Q

Equal Tempered Tuning

A

Balances exact ratios with being able to play in any musical key

56
Q

Bowed strings

A

harmonic partials

57
Q

Plucked strings

A

nearly harmonic partials

58
Q

Struck strings

A

slightly inharmonic partials

59
Q

Drum, tambourine, timpani

A

membrane

60
Q

Cymbal, gong

A

plate

61
Q

Bell

A

bell body

62
Q

Glockenspeil, xylophone

A

bar

63
Q

Harp, piano

A

string

64
Q

Drumhead Wave Nodes

A

Lines must go all the way across the drum or be circular.

65
Q

bell

A

both harmonic partials and inharmonic partials

66
Q

violin

A

harmonic partials

67
Q

piano

A

slightly inharmonic partials

68
Q

drum

A

very inharmonic partials

69
Q

xylophone

A

moderately inharmonic partials

70
Q

Oscillator

A

generates a waveform

71
Q

Controller

A

varies a set of parameters (filters, oscillators, etc)

72
Q

MIDI

A

protocol for device to device communication

73
Q

Envelope

A

time varying function to modify a waveform’s amplitude (attack, sustain or decay)

74
Q

Filter

A

modifies the frequency content of a spectrum

PHSC 167 (3 decks)

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