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BIOL 322 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where is most of the iron in your body?

A

in red blood cells, bound to hemoglobin

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2
Q

about how long does a red blood cell stay in circulation

A

120 days

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3
Q

what is normal red blood cell turnover (as percent of total circulating red blood cells)?

A

1% per day

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4
Q

single most common protein in the blood?

A

fibrinogen

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5
Q

other than fatigue, what other factor would prevent you from holding a very heavy weight up for very long

A

blocked blood flow (decreases O2, increases metabolites)

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6
Q

what does desquamation mean

A

normal loss of epithelial cells

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7
Q

what word refers to the development of red blood cells, and where in the body does this process occur

A

erythropoiesis - in bone marrow

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8
Q

what three factors contribute to arterial diastolic pressure

A

total peripheral resistance, heart rate, systolic pressure

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9
Q

four factors during aerobic exercise contribute to the increase in venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
sympathetic activity to veins
increased blood flow from dilated arterioles

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10
Q

what 2 types of receptors are activated in muscles during exercise that send inputs into the medulla oblongata? and what does each receptor type detect during exercise

A

mechanoreceptors - muscle contraction
chemoreceptors - metabolites and decreased oxygen

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11
Q

shape of human red blood cell

A

biconcave disc

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12
Q

advantage of not having a nucleus as a red blood cell

A

increased surface area
easily foldable
more room for hemoglobin

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13
Q

in which ways can iron normally leave the body

A

desquamation
menstrual blood

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14
Q

what 2 vitamins are needed to make DNA, which nucleotide do they make, and which can only be found in animal products

A

vitamin B12 - only found in animal products
folate/folic acid
both needed to make thymine

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15
Q

what hormone is needed to make red blood cells? what is the primary stimulus for its production

A

erythropoietin - decreased oxygen delivery to kidney

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16
Q

what is hemostasis

A

stopping blood loss/maintaining blood volume

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17
Q

what are the three steps of hemostasis in order

A
  1. vasoconstriction w/ contact stickiness
  2. platelet plug
  3. clotting/coagulation
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18
Q

other than thromboxane A2, what other chemical is being secreted by activated platelets and what is its effect?

A

serotonin - vasodilation

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19
Q

what protein hydrolyses the fibrin clot

A

plasmin

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20
Q

word meaning breakdown of the clot

A

fibrinolysis

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21
Q

normal blood protein that can activate plasminogen, often used clinically to dissolve clots

A

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), released by endothelial cells

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22
Q

what 2 chemicals are released by healthy endothelial cells near a site of injury that can inhibit the formation of the platelet plug

A

nitric oxide
prostacyclin

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23
Q

two phases of a respiratory cycle

A

inspiration and expiration

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24
Q

two other names for factor III

A

tissue factor/thromboplastin

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25
Q

seven functions of the respiratory system

A

provide oxygen
eliminate CO2
regulate pH w/ the kidney
form speech sounds
defend against pathogens
influences the concentration of chemical messengers
trapping blood clots

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26
Q

why is it not dangerous to have a low number of small systemic venous clots break off and get lodged in lung arteries

A

many of the blood vessels and alveoli are not used at rest eventually the clots will be dissolved by fibrinolysis

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27
Q

average resting minute ventilation

A

6 L/min

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28
Q

what structure is present in the respiratory zones of the airway but not in the conducting zones

A

alveoli

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29
Q

what is the name of the primary defense mechanism against pathogen entry in the conducting zone of the airway

A

mucus escalator

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30
Q

what defense do we have against pathogen entry if the pathogens make it all the way to the alveoli

A

macrophages that phagocytose pathogens

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31
Q

deterministic equation for air flow in the lungs

A

flow of air=(pressure in alveoli-pressure in atmosphere)/resistance of airway

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32
Q

deterministic equation for lung volume

A

volume of lung=transpulmonary pressure*compliance

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33
Q

equation for transpulmonary pressure

A

alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure

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34
Q

equation for transmural pressure across the chest wall

A

intrapleural pressure-atmospheric pressure

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35
Q

purpose of the pleural sac

A

reduce friction

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36
Q

purpose of the nasal conchae

A

create turbulent air flow so that particles breathed in can be trapped in the mucus

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37
Q

when and why would it be beneficial for bronchiolar smooth muscle to contract

A

when particles enter one part of the lung; would prevent particles from getting into the air spaces for gas exchange

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38
Q

intrapleural cavity is always expanded enough to give negative intrapleural pressure, what causes this expansion

A

elastic recoil of the lungs makes it collapse away from the chest wall and the elastic recoil of the chest wall makes it expand away from the lung. so the intrapleural space expands, causing its pressure to become subatmospheric

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39
Q

six steps of respiration in order

A

ventilation
gas exchange in lungs
transport in blood
gas exchange in tissues
cellular respiration
transport in blood

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40
Q

what are the last cells to develop in a fetus that is necessary for survival outside the womb

A

type II alveolar cells

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41
Q

what is the primary determinant of the resistance to airflow in the pulmonary system

A

radius of the airway

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42
Q

what are two accessory muscles of inspiration that are not normally activated during relaxed breathing

A

scalenes and pectoralis minor (sometimes sternocleidomastoid)

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43
Q

what two factors determine pulmonary compliance

A

surfactant
elasticity of the lung

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44
Q

What is the substance that decreases the surface tension of the water in the alveoli and what cells make this substance

A

surfactant - type II alveolar cells

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45
Q

three endogenous chemicals that affect bronchiolar smooth muscle and for each state if it causes bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation

A

bradykinin - bronchoconstriction
epinephrine - bronchodilation
leukotrienes - bronchoconstriction

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46
Q

when oxygen binds to one subunit of hemoglobin, the other subunits of hemoglobin

A

have a higher affinity for oxygen

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47
Q

increasing alveolar ventilation would

A

decrease alveolar PCO2
increase alveolar PO2

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48
Q

how many hemoglobin subunits form the hemoglobin molecule

A

4

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49
Q

what percentage of the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin

A

about 98%

50
Q

normal average partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

A

105 mmHg

51
Q

normal average partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

A

40 mmHg

52
Q

normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arteries

A

100 mmHg

53
Q

normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic arteries

A

40 mmHg

54
Q

normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins

A

40 mmHg

55
Q

normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic veins

A

46 mmHg

56
Q

average dead space in the respiratory tract

A

150 mL

57
Q

at rest approximately how much of the oxygen in the arteries goes into the tissues in the capillaries

A

25%

58
Q

equation for minute ventilation

A

tidal volume * respiratory rate

59
Q

percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere

A

21%

60
Q

disorder with decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood

A

anemia

61
Q

hemoglobin when oxygen is bound

A

oxyhemoglobin

62
Q

hemoglobin when oxygen is not bound

A

deoxyhemoglobin

63
Q

what molecule does oxygen bind to in hemoglobin and what dietary mineral is part of this molecule

A

heme which contains iron

64
Q

two components of physiological dead space

A

alveolar dead space
anatomical dead space

65
Q

two factors related to hemoglobin determine the total amount of oxygen in the blood

A

% saturation of hemoglobin
concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

66
Q

three factors that determine the diffusion of gas into a liquid

A

temperature
solubility of the gas in the liquid
partial pressure of the gas (this one changes the most)

67
Q

anatomical mechanism for helping to match ventilation and perfusion

A

first alveoli to open are the ones at the bottom of the lung, at rest only these inflate. at rest, pulmonary blood pressure is so low that blood only goes to the capillaries surrounding these lower alveoli

68
Q

T or F: In regular aerobic exercisers, the baroreceptor reflex resets to a higher mean arterial pressure before the person starts exercising.

A

true

69
Q

T or F: The increase in mean arterial pressure during a moderate aerobic exercise is due to the normal operation of the baroreceptor reflex.

A

False

70
Q

Where is iron primarily stored in the body?

A

liver

71
Q

What organ is the primary destroyer of damaged red blood cells in normal individuals?

A

spleen

72
Q

What organ produces erythropoietin?

A

kidney

73
Q

Most of the clotting factors in the blood are produced by

A

liver

74
Q

Which vitamin was mentioned in the videos as being required to produce the clotting factors.

A

vitamin K

75
Q

Which of the following can be found in circulation?
heparin
antithrombin III
thrombomodulin
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
plasminogen
protein C

A

antithrombin III
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
plasminogen
protein C

76
Q

which of the following can be found on the surface of endothelial cells?
heparin
antithrombin III
thrombomodulin
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
plasminogen
protein C

A

heparin
thrombomodulin

77
Q

If transpulmonary pressure increases the volume of the lung would tend to

A

increase

78
Q

What limits aerobic capacity in healthy individuals?

A

cardiac output

79
Q

Increasing the volume of a sealed container of air _______________ the pressure in that container.

A

decreases

80
Q

Approximately how much can minute ventilation increase over resting levels with heavy exercise?

A

20-fold

81
Q

The intraplueral pressure tends to

A

Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung

82
Q

If pulmonary compliance is higher than normal, it is harder to

A

exhale

83
Q

If pulmonary compliance is lower than normal, it is harder to

A

inhale

84
Q

Which receptor for epinephrine is on bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

beta-2 adrenergic receptors

85
Q

at rest, during expiration, what muscles contract more

A

none

86
Q

during forced expiration, what muscles contract more

A

abdominal muscles
internal intercostal muscles

87
Q

hyperventilation is defined as

A

PCO2 < 40 mmHg
not dependent on pressure of O2

88
Q

during exercise: arterial and venous pressures

A

venous PCO2 higher than at rest
venous PO2 lower than at rest

89
Q

Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the highest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be

A

bound to hemoglobin

90
Q

Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the lowest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be

A

dissolved in the blood

91
Q

increasing heart rate would do what to diastolic pressure and pulse pressure

A

increase diastolic pressure
decrease pulse pressure

92
Q

during intense aerobic exercise diastolic pressure _____

A

decreases

93
Q

during intense muscle contraction, total peripheral resistance

A

increases

94
Q

resetting of baroreceptors during exercise is due to

A

central command

95
Q

T or F: most of the iron used in making new red blood cells come directly from the diet

A

false

96
Q

T or F: free iron is damaging to cells

A

true

97
Q

von Willebrand Factor is normally found in the ___

A

blood

98
Q

increasing total peripheral resistance would do what to diastolic pressure and pulse pressure

A

increase diastolic pressure
no effect on pulse pressure

99
Q

increasing the stroke volume would do what to diastolic pressure and pulse pressure

A

increase diastolic pressure
increase pulse pressure

100
Q

clots form around

A

platelet plugs

101
Q

T or F: Factor VIIa must bind to platelets to be active

A

false

102
Q

T or F: if blood calcium levels are below normal, blood clotting will be limited

A

false

103
Q

which pathway usually starts the clotting cascade in the body

A

extrinsic pathway

104
Q

more thrombin is made using the

A

intrinsic pathway

105
Q

Vitamin K is water or fat soluble?

A

fat soluble

106
Q

negative air flow occurs with (inspiration or expiration)

A

inspiration

107
Q

at end inspiration, the angle of the ribs is more ___ compared to end expiration

A

upward

108
Q

in normal breathing the intrapleural pressure is

A

always negative

109
Q

how does surfactant affect pulmonary compliance

A

increases pulmonary compliance

110
Q

how does surfactant affect which alveoli inflate

A

without surfactant, only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration

111
Q

bronchioles are larger during (inspiration or expiration)

A

inspiration

112
Q

would doubling the respiratory rate or the tidal volume have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation

A

doubling the tidal volume

113
Q

the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is a measure of

A

the concentration of oxygen in the blood (NOT the pressure exerted)

114
Q

increasing altitude would directly tend to

A

decrease alveolar PO2
no effect on alveolar PCO2

115
Q

increasing metabolism would tend to

A

decrease alveolar PO2
increase alveolar PCO2

116
Q

T or F: as blood flows through the last half of a pulmonary capillary at rest, it does not receive any oxygen

A

true

117
Q

a decrease in oxygen concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to

A

vasoconstrict

118
Q

decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to

A

pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration

119
Q

a decrease in oxygen concentration in bronchioles causes them to

A

bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration

120
Q

decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in bronchioles causes them to

A

bronchoconstrict

121
Q

T or F: decreasing the arterial PO2 from 100 mmHg to 60 mmHg results in a 40% decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood

A

false

BIOL 322 (4 decks)

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