exam 3 Flashcards
endocrine glands release into
bloodstream
exocrine glands release to
ducts
endocrine gland tissue
epithelial
each hormone has own specific
receptor
role of the bloodstream with hormones
allows for communication with distant cells
series transduction definition
series of biochemical chain reactions that occur in a cell
signal transaction is analogous to
action potentials
the way hormones can communicate with the body and other cells
signal transduction
chain reaction
elements are there beforehand and change when they are turned on/activated
hormone message amplifies as
it goes through the chain reaction
step 1 signal transduction
reception
reception
hormone and cell engage with each other
step 2 signal transduction
transduction
transduction
change form, hormone transduced into message
step 3 signal transduction
response
response
cell receive message
there is no one-to-one relationship between a hormone and
one particular action
insulin is present when
lots of blood sugar
when insulin is high
end result of muscle cell vs
end result of heart cell
muscle: allow more sugar to come inside
heart: something different
main parts of endocrine system (8)
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes
how many ways can hormones be regulated
4
how hormones are regulated: 1
humoral regulation
humoral regulation
control of hormone by the concentration of something in the blood
normal blood Ca level
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
PTH raises ____ levels
blood Ca
PTH releases _____ to raise Ca levels
Ca from bones
main hormones in thyroid
T3, T4, calcitonin
calcitonin lowers
blood Ca levels
calcitonin makes _____ when blood Ca is high
bones absorb extra Ca
hormones that regulate blood sugar
insulin, glucagon
normal blood glucose level
70-100 mg/dL
insulin: pancreatic ___ cells
beta
insulin job
lower blood sugar
glucagon: pancreatic __ cells
alpha
glucagon job
raise blood sugar, find a way to make sugar
when are ATP-gated K+ channels open and closed
always open, closed when there is a certain amount of ATP
Ca channels are closed when cell is _____
open when ____
hyperpolarized
depolarized
blood sugar is low:
metabolism ___
ATP ___
Katp channels ____
cell is ______ (insulin released or no?)
cottage gated Ca2+ channel ____
slows
decreased
open
resting membrane potential, no
closed
blood sugar high:
metabolism ___
ATP ____
Katp channels ____
cell ____ and Ca channels ____
Ca2+ entry acts as _____
Ca2+ signal triggers ___, insulin ____
increases
increases
close
depolarize, open
intracellular signal
exocytosis, secreted
tropic hormone regulation
controls the release of a different hormone
A–>B–>C
negative feedback
stops hormone
A–>B–>C
C stops A and/or B
half life
how long a hormone lasts for
metabolism
metabolic reactions that happen inside of cells
how long can we survive without food
3 months
master switch for metabolism
insulin
no carbs= not a lot of insulin= body thinking
no food
cellular respirations happens in
all cells
cellular respiration
glucose–> ATP
glucose requires ___ to enter cell
transporter
transporter gates for glucose are controlled by
insulin
glucose is stored in
bloodstream
glucose to adipose is stimulated by
insulin
glucose to brain is stimulated by
nothing, has privilege to always enter
heart uses ___ rather than glucose
fatty acid
glucose to skeletal muscle stimulated by
insulin
how long does glucose last in the blood
few hours
glucose to liver stimulated by
neither glucagon or insulin
how long does glucose last in the blood
few hours
after a few days of not eating, ___ is gone
glucose
glycogen–>glucose
glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis occurs in
liver, skeletal muscle
if the body prefers glucose, and there is not enough, what happens
glycogen is used, glycogenolysis
glygogenolysis stimulated by
glucagon
stored fat
triglycerides
one triglyceride= 3 ___
fatty acids
triglyceride–> fatty acid
lipolysis
lipolysis occurs in
adipocytes
fatty acid goes into the blood stream, and circles to
liver
liver turns fatty acids into
ketones
fatty acid–> ketone
ketogenesis
ketogenesis occurs in
liver
ketones substitute
glucose
keynote–>atp
ketolysis
fatty acid–> atp
beta-oxidation
beta-oxidation occurs in
heart
what happens when glucose and glycogen are gone
triglyceride breaks down
what happens when glucose, glycogen and fat are gone
protein breaks down
proteolysis
protein breakdown
proteins–>amino acid
protein breakdown
proteolysis happens in
skeletal muscle
is energy made from proteolysis
no
amino acid–>glucose
gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis occurs in
liver
diabetes, body thinks its
starving
when diabetics dont have insulin they enter a state of ___ very quickly
ketosis
when no insulin, the only energy a diabetic can use is ___, and its a problem because
fatty acid, the heart needs it as well
____ is associated with eating as ___ is associating with starving
insulin, glucagon
even when starving, the body will release
tiny amount of insulin
mechanical digestion
chewing, stomach churning
enzymes are
catalysts
molecule that helps a reaction occur
catalyst
when vomiting or diarrhea we lose a lot of
electrolytes
whole GI tract is essentially
one tunnel through the body
starch–> sugar
amylase
3 salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
makes up 80% of saliva, is on the side of the mouth
parotid
salivary gland under tongue
sublingual
salivary gland under jaw
submandibular
valve in beginning of esophagus
UES
esophagus connects
mouth to stomach
type of digestion in esophagus
none
LES connects
esophagus to stomach
stopmach pH
close to 1
how can the stomach withstand pH
mucus lining, acid is not in direct contact with wall
fluid in stomach
HCl, pepsinogen
parietal cells produce
HCl
HCl function
neutralize food, start breaking down nutrients
denature
break down protein
chief cells make
pepsinogen
proenzyme –> _____
pepsinogen
pepsinogen+HCl=
pepsin
protein–>amino acid
pepsin
gastric pits
tunnels that go below the surface
gastric pits are lined by
parietal and chief cells
fundus
top of stomach
burping comes from
air in the funds
valve between stomach and small intestine
pyloric sphincter
majority of digestion happens in
duodenum
brush boarder enzymes
anchored to cells, food brushed by them and gets digested
emulsifier
breaks down fat
bile
emulsifier
gallbladder
store, concentrate, secrete bile
pancreas
accessory organ
pancreatic juice
amylase
starch to sugar
trypsin
protein to amino acid
lipade
triglycerides to fatty acid
nuclease
dna to nucleotides
most absorption happens in
jejunum
jejunum absorbs
carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals
ileocecal valve
ileum to cecum
large intestine basic function
remove waste, absorb water, vitamin K
vitamin k created by
bacteria
why do we need fiber
to feed bacteria
important byproduct of large intestine bacteria
butyrate
natural medicine
butyrate
problem with food preservatives
stops growth of bacteria on food, means good bacteria that’s produced in the body is stopped too
vomitting results in a significant loss go
hydrogen
diarrhea is associated with a significant loss of
potassium
vomiting and/or diarrhea cause a significant loss of
Na+
what increases surface area of small intestine
villi and microvilli
small intestine surface area size
tennis court
increased insulin, no ___ channels are needed
Na
fat is made when
max. glycogen is stored
glucose–> glycogen
glycogenesis
glycogenesis happens in
liver, skeletal muscle
evolution hardwired taste preferences to make us prefer
sugar/sweets
water binds to ___ which is why we lose water weight when we are using it
glycogen
glucose–>fatty acids–>TGs
lipogenesis
lipogenesis occurs in
adipocytes, liver
fat is chemically
inert
when all adipose is filled, ___ makes fat
liver
easiest way to store extra glucose
glycogen
amino acids–>protein
protein synthesis
protein synthesis occurs in
all cells, muscle
protein synthesis is for ___ purposes
growth
fatty liver disease
important detox tissue is replaced with fat
if a potato and glass of sugar both contain glucose why is a potato healthier
it takes more time to break down the chains, slower release of insulin
diabetes type 2 “___ _____ ____ ___”
receptor that cried insulin
