exam 3

Question 1

the fundamental asymmetry of sex

Answer 1

sexual selection results in differences between sexes in reproductive behavior and morphology

Question 2

intrasexual selection on males led to

Answer 2

evolution of many characteristic male reproductive behaviors

Question 3

intrasexual selection

Answer 3

competition among members of one sex over access to members of the opposite sex

Question 4

armaments are useful for

Answer 4

intrasexual selection

Question 5

intersexual selection

Answer 5

selection of reproductive partners by members of one sex among members of the opposite sex

Question 6

ornaments are useful for

Answer 6

intersexual selection

Question 7

the higher variation in reproductive success mean

Answer 7

more intense sexual selection on traits associated with variation

Question 8

anisogamy

Answer 8

sexual reproduction that involves fusion of gametes that differ in size or form

Question 9

sperm vs eggs

Answer 9

sperm are cheap
eggs are expensive

Question 10

Batemens principle

Answer 10

males increase reproductive success by mating with many females

Question 11

anisogamy means sexual selection is more intense on

Answer 11

males

Question 12

spermatophore

Answer 12

nuptial gift that males provide during copulation

Question 13

ornaments demonstrate

Answer 13

parasite resistance

Question 14

good genes model

Answer 14

females prefer trait indicative of male quality
- so their offspring may inherit advantages of their father

Question 15

runaway selection model

Answer 15

females prefer trait that is sexually attractive
- so their sons inherit traits making them sexy and preferred

Question 16

monogamy

Answer 16

1 male
1 female

Question 17

polygyny

Answer 17

1 male
more than 1 females

Question 18

polyandry

Answer 18

more than 1 male
1 female

Question 19

polygynandry/promiscuity

Answer 19

more than 1 male
more than 1 female

Question 20

mate guarding hypothesis

Answer 20

individuals have ability to restrict mating behavior in partner –> monogamy

Question 21

mate limitation hypothesis

Answer 21

monogamy evolves when potential mates are dispersed and its costly to locate them

Question 22

mate assistance hypothesis

Answer 22

monogamy evolves when resources are critical to reproduction that both parents are necessary to raise children

Question 23

infanticide hypothesis

Answer 23

monogamy evolves when risk of infanticide is high and partner can protect against infanticidal males

Question 24

polyandry benefits for females

Answer 24

good genes
genetic compatibility
genetic diversity
inbreeding avoidance

Question 25

good genes hypothesis

Answer 25

females mate polyandrous to produce offspring of higher quality or viability - trying to hit jackpot

Question 26

genetic compatibility hypothesis

Answer 26

females mate polyandrous to increase odds of receiving genetically complementary sperm - no best male - match between male and female

Question 27

genetic diversity hypothesis

Answer 27

females mate polyandrous to increase diversity of offspring

Question 28

inbreeding avoidance hypothesis

Answer 28

females mate polyandrous to avoid inbreeding with their soical partner

Question 29

polygyny hypothesis

Answer 29

female defense polygyny resource defense polygyny lek polygyny scramble competition polygyny

Question 30

female defense polygyny

Answer 30

females form groups to better access resources males will follow and guard group

Question 31

harem

Answer 31

females are socially bonded in group

Question 32

resource defense polygyny

Answer 32

resources are clumped, it attracts multiple females males will guard the resources

Question 33

lek polygyny

Answer 33

females are widespread and dont form groups males wait for females to come to them

Question 34

lek

Answer 34

traditional display ground where males gather to display to females who choose among them fierce competition between males

Question 35

hotspot hypothesis

Answer 35

males cluster in places (hotspots) where routes are frequently traveled by females so they form leks

Question 36

hotshot hypothesis

Answer 36

subordinate males cluster around highly attractive males to have a chance to interact with females attracted to hotshots so they form leks

Question 37

female preference hypothesis

Answer 37

males cluster because females prefer sites with large groups of males where they can quicjly compare quality of mates so they form leks

Question 38

scramble competition polygyny

Answer 38

females are widespread and do not form groups so males will seek out females

Question 39

polygyandry

Answer 39

both sexes mate multiple but there is a pair bonds

Question 40

promiscuity

Answer 40

both sexes mate multiple and there is no pair bond

Question 41

promosciuity occurs when

Answer 41

offspring care is minimal/nonexistent

Question 42

convenience polyandry

Answer 42

females increase mating based on cost of resistance is higher than cost of mating

Question 43

signal of need

Answer 43

signals that advertise an offsprings level of need in order to maximize their chance of being fed by their parents

Question 44

signal of quality

Answer 44

signals that advertise an offsprings quality to maximize being fed by their parents

Question 45

when environemntal conditions are good

Answer 45

parents attend to signals of need

Question 46

local competition hypothesis

Answer 46

related individuals compete for resources or mates, then one sex is more costly to produce

Question 47

local enhancement hypothesis

Answer 47

when one sex provides resources or enhances its relative mating success, that sex is cheaper to produce

Question 48

Trivers-Willard hypothesis

Answer 48

mothers can adjust offspring sex ratio according to their own body condition

Question 49

reproductive insurance hypothesis

Answer 49

mothers in siblicide species lay a second egg as insurance against hatching failure

Question 50

paternity assurance hypothesis

Answer 50

females know theyre related to their offspring males should care more when they know theyre the father

Question 51

mafia hypothesis

Answer 51

hosts accept brood parasitic eggs out of fear of retaliation