Exam 3 Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
How do animal cells communicate in local signaling?
A
Cell-cell recognition
2
Q
Messenger molecules that travel only short distances
A
Local regulators
3
Q
Type of chemical used in plants / animals during long - distance signaling
A
Hormones
4
Q
Binding between a signal molecule (ligand) and receptor is highly _ __
A
Specific
5
Q
What is the initial transduction of a signal?
A
Shape change in a receptor
6
Q
A plasma membrane receptor that uses a G protein
A
G protein-coupled receptor
7
Q
Characteristics of GPCR
A
-extremely widespread
- diverse
- regulate almost all physiological processes
8
Q
Some signaling molecules that use G protein - coupled receptors
A
Epi and opioid
9
Q
The membrane receptor that attack phosphates to tyrosines
A
Receptor tyrosine kinases
10
Q
How many signal transduction pathways get triggered by a receptor tyrosine kinases at once?
A
Multiple
11
Q
How many signal transduction can a G protein-coupled receptor activate at once?
A
One
12
Q
RTK’S play an important role in what disease
A
Cancer progression
13
Q
What acts like a gate when a receptor changes shape?
A
Ion channel receptors
14
Q
What 2 ions can be allowed to pass through a gate in an ion channel receptor?
A
Ca2+ and Na+
15
Q
Multistep pathways can do what to a signal?
A
Amplify it
16
Q
What type of molecules relay a signal from receptor to response?
A
Proteins
17
Q
During phosphorylation, what transfers phosphates from ATP to protein?
A
Protein kinases
18
Q
What happens in dephosphorylation?
A
Protein phosphatases removes phosphates from proteins
19
Q
What acts like a molecular switch that turns activities on and off
A
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
20
Q
What happens when you turn genes on or off in the nucleus?
A
Synthesis of enzymes or other proteins are regulated
21
Q
What is identical genetic info?
A
DNA
22
Q
Most cell division creates what type of daughter cells?
A
Identical genetic info, DNA
23
Q
What are nonidentical daughter cells?
A
Gametes ( sperm or eggs )
24
Q
All Of the DNA in a cell is called
A
The cells genome
25
Genomes can be what type Of DNA molecules
Singular or multiple
26
A genome that is made up of a single DNA molecule = what type of cells
Prokaryotic
27
A gamete that is made up of multiple DNA molecules = what type of cells
Eukaryotic
28
What is it when DNA molecules are packaged in a cell
Chromosomes
29
Are somatic cells reproductive or no?
Non reproductive cells
30
Are gametes reproductive or no?
Reproductive
31
How many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have
2 sets 46 chromosomes
32
How many chromosomes do gametes have
23
33
What is inside eukaryotic chromosomes
Chromatin
34
What is chromatin
A complex Of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
35
How do cells get prepared for cell division
DNA replicates and chromosomes condense
36
Each duplicated chromosome has now many sister chromatids
2
37
What happens to the 2 sister chromatids during cell division
Separates
38
What is the "narrow waist" of a duplicated chromosome
- where two chromatids closely attach
Centromere
39
What are the mitoric phases
Mitotic M phase, mitosis, cytokinesis
40
What two processes take place in the mitotic M phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
41
Division of the nucleus
Mitosis
42
Division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
43
Basic rundown of what happens in interphase
Cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
44
Now much percent is the interphase of the cell cycle
90%
45
What are the subphases of interphase
G1 S and G2
46
What is the G 1 phase called
First gap
47
What is the S phase called
DNA synthesis
48
What is the G2 phase called
Second gap
49
Chromosomes are only duplicated during what phase of interphase
S phase
50
What ave 5 phases of mitosis
Prophase,prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,
51
In mitosis where does cytokinesis start
By telophase
52
What is the apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
Mitotic spindle
53
What happens regarding prophase to the mitotic spindle
The spindle microtabules form in the centrism
54
The microtubule organizing center
CentroSome's
55
What happens when the spindles grow out from the centromere
replicate and form two centrosomes that are on opposite sides of the cell
56
A radial array of short microtubules
Aster
57
What structures are in the mitotic spindle
Centrosomes, spindle microtabules, and asters
58
What happens to the spindle microtubules during prometaphase
The microtubules then attach to the kinetochore'S of chromosomes and move chromosomes
59
Where are the chromosomes at during metaphase
Lined up at me metaphase plate
60
Midway point between two spindle poles
Metaphase plate
61
What happens to the sister chromatids in anaphase
The sister chromatids separate and travel on the kinetochore microtubules on different sides of the cell
62
For animal cells, where does cytokinesis happen
Cleavage, forming cleavage furrow
63
For plant cells, how does cytokinesis happen
A cell plate
64
The cell cycle control system is regulated by what controls
Internal and external
65
Until a cell receives a go-ahead signal what happens
Cel cycle stops at certain checkpoints
66
What checkpoint is mostly important for cells
G1
67
Once a all receives a signal at G1, what happens
Will go on to complete the S G2 and m phases and divide
68
What happens when a signal does not happen after it stops cycling?
G0 phase
69
Happens when crowded cells stop dividing
Density dependent inhibition
70
What is it called when animal cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
Anchorage dependence
71
What type of cells do not use anchorage dependence nor density dependent inhibition
Cancer cells
72
Cons ave passed to the next generation through reproductive cells called _
Gametes
73
What is the locus of a gene on a chromosome
Specific location
74
Each parent gives - pairs of chromosomes
One set
75
One parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis
Asexual reproduction
76
What is a clone?
A group of genetically identical individuals by the same parent
77
When both parents produce offspring that have unique combinations of genes from each parent
Sexual reproduction
78
What is any other cell not a gamete
Somatic cells
79
How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells have
23 pairs
80
An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell
Karyotype
81
What are the two chromosomes in a pair called
Homologous chromosomes or homologs
82
Features of chromosomes in a homologous pair
Same length and both carry genes controlling the same characters
83
What ave the basic sex chromosomes
X and y
84
What is the sex chromosome for a female
XX
85
What is the sex chromosome for a male
X and y
86
- Pairs of chromosomes do not determine sex
Autosomes
87
How many sets of chromosomes do a diploid cell have
2 pairs or 2n
88
Diploid or haploid _ somatic cells
Diploid
89
Diploid or haploid _ gametes
Haploid cells
90
What is the union of gametes
Fertilization
91
What is a zygote
Fertilized egg
92
How many sets of chromosomes do zygotes have
One set
93
Produces somatic cans by mitosis and then develops into an adult
Zygotes
94
Just like mitosis, what cell division is followed by the replication of chromosomes
Meiosis
95
Now many daughter cells come out of meiosis
4 daughter cells
96
How many daughter cells come out of mitosis
2 daughter cells
97
What happens during synthesis
The homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene
98
What happens in crossing over
The nonsister chromatids exchange DNA parts
99
What is the chiasmata
Where the crossing over happens
100
What is the purpose of synapsis
Increase genetic variability
101
What is the first cell division meiosis -
Meiosis 1
102
What is the second cell division - meiosis
Meiosis 2
103
What changes occur in meiosis 1
Makes 2 haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes
104
What is meiosis 1 called
Reductional division
105
What happens in meiosis 2
Sister chromatids separate
106
Meiosis 2 makes u haploid daughter cells with replicated or unreplicated chromosomes?
Unreplicated
107
What is meiosis 2 called
Equational division
108
In meiosis 1, what 3 events happen
Synopsis and crossing over, paired homologous chromosomes called tetras, homologous chromosomes separate
109
In What phase of meiosis do synopsis and crossing over happen
Prophase 1
110
What happens at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
Tetrads instead of individual replicated chromosomes
111
What happens in anaphase 1 Of meiosis 1
Homologous chromosomes separate
112
Different versions of genes
Alleles
113
What creates alleles
Mutations
114
During sexual reproduction how does genetic variation occur
Reshuffling of alleles
115
What 3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation
Independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization
116
Main point of law of segregation
Different versions of genes are responsible for different variations of characters
117
What type of allele determines the organism's appearance
Dominant allele
118
What type of allele typically has no effect on an organism's appearance
Recessive alleles
119
An organism with 2 identical alleles is called
Homozygous
120
An organism with 2 different alleles is called
Heterozygous
121
Why do not every organism's traits reveal in genetic formation
Because of the different dominant and recessive alleles
122
What is an organism's phenotype
Physical appearance
123
What is an organisms genotype
Genetic makeup
124
Because of the different effects of dominant and recessive alleles , how do we distinguish an organism
Phenotype and genotype
125
What is the law of independent assortment
Every pair of alleles separate from each other during gamete formation
126
What happens in complete dominance
When the phenotypes of the heterozygute and dominant homozygote are identical
127
What happens in incomplete dominance
The phenotype f1 hybrid is between the phenotypes of both parents
128
When two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in different distinguishable ways
Codominance
129
Most genes exist in populations in more than two _
Allelic forms
130
What is it called when genes have multiple phenotypic effects
A property called pleiotropy
131
What type of alleles are responsible for symptoms in certain diseases ex sickle cell
pleiotropic
132
What happens in epistasis
A gene at one location alters a gene at a second location
133
- those that vary in the population along a continuum
Quantitative characters
134
What does quantitative variation indicate
Polygenic inheritance
135
An additive effect of two or more genes in a single phenotype
Polygenic inheritance
136
What is an example of a polygenic inheritance
Someone's skin color
137
Cell receive signals 3 ways:
Reception, transduction, response
138
What hormone stimulates energy production in liver and skeletal muscle cells
Epi
139
3 types of membrane receptors
G protein-coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase, ion channel receptor
140
How much medicine today is influenced by gpcr
60%
141
Another name for gpcr
Seven- transmembrane receptors
142
Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for:
Development from a fertilized egg, growth, repair
143
Mitosis or meiosis makes genetically identical daughter cells
Mitosis
144
What type of can has a cell plate
Plants
145
What ave growth factors
Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate cells to divide
146
How do cancer cells respond with the body
Does not respond normally
147
Cancer cells don't need growth factors -
They may convey a growth factor's signal without a growth factor present, make their own growth factor, they have an abnormal cell control system
148
What two processes alternate in sexual life cycles
Fertilization and meiosis
149
A zygote makes what kind of cans during mitosis
Somatic cells
150
During sexual maturity, what happens to the testes and ovaries
They produce haploid gametes
151
How many sets of chromosomes come out of each gamete during meiosis
One set
152
Meiosis 1 and 2 make now many daughter cells
4
153
What is the effect from crossing over in meiosis 1
The two sister chromatids are no longer identical
154
At the end of meiosis, the 4 daughter cells: haploid or diploid
Haploid
155
What does meiosis do to a set of chromosomes
Reduces the # from 2 to 1
156
What does mitosis do to chromosomes
Conserves
157
What happens to the homologous chromosomes during independent assortment
Go from homologs to daughter cells
158
What are recombinant chromosomes
Combined genes from each parent due to crossing over
159
What does crossing over do to DNA
Combines DNA from 2 parents into 1 single chromosome
160
What type of fertilization adds to genetic variation
Random: because any sperm can join an ovum
161
How many possibilities can be possible of chromosome combos in independent assortment
8.4 million
162
The joining of two gametes creates now many possible combos for zygotes
70 trillion diploid combos
163
How do we get natural selection
The joining of different genetic variations favored in the environment
164
Genetic variation comes from
Mutations
165
Appearance Of white and purple flowers, genetic makeup, gamete quantity
Purple and white flowers, pp and pp s P and P
166
3:1 ratio who created it
Mendel
167
What is the 3:1 ratio
Dominant to recessive
168
What is the first concept of law of segregation
Different alleles produce variations in inherited characters
169
What is the second concept of law of segregation
Each character an organism inherits they get 2 alleles one from each parent
170
What is another term of homozygous
True breeding
171
What is the third concept of law of segregation
If two alleles at a lochs are different, the one then one of them determines appearance and the other has no effect
172
Law of segregation states:
Two alleles from an inherited character separate during gamete formation
173
A person with a genotype BB is _
Homozygous dominant
174
A Person can be heterozygous recessive? True or false
No, one recessive traits are homozygous
175
If a plant has round seeds and wrinkled seeds, what is the genotype of the round seeds/ round is dominant
R R
176
What would be the genotype of wrinkled seeds
rr
177
If you assume tall is completely dominant to dwarf in a species of plant. If a homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a homozygous dwarf, the offspring will be _
All be intermediate in height
178
What if the tall gene is heterozygous dominant crossed with q homozygous dwarf, the off spring will be _
Half each
179
What are monohybrids
Individuals that are heterozygous for one character
180
What are dihybrids
Individuals that are heterozygous for two characters
181
What is a dinybrid cross
Cross between f1 dihybrids
182
What does a dihybrid determine about characters
Whether two characters are sent to offspring as a package or separate
183
What are the factors with inheritance determined by one gene
Alleles are not completely dominant or recessive, a gene has more than 2 alleles, a gene produces multiple phenotypes
184
What comes from inheritance determined by multiple genes
Epistaxis and polygenic inheritance
185
What is an example of incomplete dominance
While flower + =purple flower = pink flower
186
Example of codominance
Red flower + white flower = red and white spotted flower
187
White furred rabbit breeds with black furred habit and all the offspring have grey fur
Incomplete dominance
188
Calico cat is both orange and black, what is the allele expression
Co dominance
189
Four phenotypes of abo blood group
Ia, Ib, i
190
Blood type A genotype
IA IA or IAi
191
Genotype Of B blood
IbIb or Ibi
192
Genotype of ab blood
Ia Ib
193
Genotype o blood
ii
194
Man has B blood, mom has o blood, what phenotype for children
B or O
195
How do genes produce a new trait
Mask each others presence and combine
196
The human weight average graph shape
A hill or mountain
