Exam 3 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
How is galactose classified?
A
monosaccharide
2
Q
How is glycogen classified?
A
polysaccharide
3
Q
How is dextrins classified?
A
polysaccharide
4
Q
How is cellulose classified?
A
polysaccharide
5
Q
How is sucrose classified?
A
disaccharide
6
Q
How is amylopectin classified?
A
polysaccharide
7
Q
How is lactose classified?
A
disaccharide
8
Q
How is amylase classified?
A
not a sugar
9
Q
How is fructose classified?
A
monosaccharide
10
Q
Which is true of lactose?
A
It is called “milk sugar”
It is broken down by the enzyme lactase
“Lactose intolerance” is caused by missing (or deficit amount) of lactase
Cooking milk will cause the lactose to be hydrolyzed
11
Q
Which of the following are true of sucrose?
A
It is called “table sugar”
It can be broken down by the enzyme sucrase
It is not synthesized by animals
It is not a “reducing” sugar
12
Q
Which is true of cellulose?
A
It is composed of only glucose molecules
It is digested by cows and termites but not humans
In humans, it is used as dietary fiber
13
Q
Which of the following is not found in starch?
A
cellulose and fructose
14
Q
Amylose and amylopectin are both components of starch. How do their structures differ?
A
Amylose is a linear polysaccharide and amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide
15
Q
Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates is INCORRECT?
A
Monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides by hydrogen bonding
16
Q
Which statements are correct concerning glycogen?
A
It is a very branched polysaccharide
It is used to for short-term energy requirements of the body
The hydrolysis of glycogen will produce glucose molecules
17
Q
Which of the following carbohydrates contain something other than glucose?
A
sucrose and lactose
18
Q
Which are soluble in water?
A
glucose and glyceraldehyde
19
Q
What are the product or products of maltose and maltase?
A
glucose
20
Q
What are the product or products of lactose and lactase?
A
glucose and galactose
21
Q
What are the product or products of sucrose and sucrase?
A
glucose and fructose
22
Q
What are the product or products of dextrins and amylase?
A
glucose
23
Q
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
A
galactose, glucose, and fructose
24
Q
Which of the following are disaccharides?
A
lactose and sucrose
25
Which of the following are polysaccharides?
glycogen, amylopectin, starch, cellulose
26
Which of the following can produced from the hydrolysis of starch?
amylopectin, dextrins, maltose, and
amylose
27
Which of the following are non-reducing sugars?
starch and cellulose
28
Which of the following are soluble in water?
all monosaccharides, lactose, and sucrose
29
Which can move through a cell membrane?
ribose, glucose, and galactose
30
Which is true of dextrins?
they come from the partial hydrolysis of starch
they are used in baby cereal because they are easy to digest
they are used in children's glue or paste
31
The following disaccharide is called Melibiose and is found in some plant juices. Which of the following statements are true?
It is composed of two different monosaccharides and it is a reducing sugar
32
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
Humans do not possess the enzyme necessary to hydrolyze the Beta (1-4) linkage
33
T/F The melting point of saturated fatty acids decrease with increasing number of carbons
False
34
T/F All lipid molecules have a polar end and a non-polar end
False
35
T/F The ionic end of a phospholipid is the hydrophilic end
True
36
T/F Triglycerides are the most polar lipids
False
37
T/F Triglycerides are the most polar lipids
True
38
T/F Most fats come from animals and most oils from vegetables
True
39
T/F At room temperature, most fats are solids and most oils are liquids
True
40
T/F A wax is hard to digest because it has no ester linkage
False
41
T/F Plants do not contain cholesterol
True
42
Which statements are true of cholesterol?
It is made in the liver
Excess cholesterol which is not needed by the body is sent to the gall bladder
Cholesterol is synthesized from acetylCo (the product of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism)
43
Cholesterol is used to make what compounds?
Vitamin D, aldosterone and cortisol (or cortisone), all sex hormones, and all steroid hormones
44
What steroid hormone regulates Na+ and K+ ions and promotes water retention?
aldosterone
45
What steroid hormone regulates the conversion of proteins to carbohydrates (under great stress)?
cortisone (or cortisol)
46
Which statement is true concerning the salt of a fatty acid?
It is called a soap
It is very soluble in water
It is made from basic hydrolysis of a fat
It is made from saponification of a triglyceride
47
What monosaccharide is found in glycolipids?
galactose
48
What process will convert a liquid oil into margarine (a more solid lipid)?
hydrogenation
49
T/F The swelling in an inflammatory response is due to a decrease in permeability of the dilated blood vessels
False
50
T/F The redness in an inflammatory response is due to the dilation of the blood vessels
True
51
Which is true of prostaglandin synthesis?
The phospholipid in the tissue cell membrane contains arachidonic acid.
The enzyme "phospholipase" produces "free" arachidonic acid and can be inhibited by steroid drugs like "cortisone shot"
Enzymes like "cyclooxygenase" will convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins
52
Which is true of prostaglandins?
Extremely potent in very minute amounts
Synthesized in tissue cells only when needed
They usually have a 5 membered ring with two carbon chains coming off the ring
53
What are the effects of prostaglandins?
Can induce labor
Causes the inflammatory response
Causes fever and pain sensitivity
Some can cause blood clotting and some can prevent blood clotting
54
Which is true of inflammatory response?
It is caused by prostaglandins
Cortisone and aspirin are both anti-inflammatories but affect different enzymes
55
In the diseases Tay Sachs, or Niemann-Pick or Gaucher's, the infant is missing the enzymes to metabolize what type of compounds?
glycolipids (or sphingolipids)
56
Which is not a purpose of triglycerides?
synthesize proteins
57
What are the components of Beeswax
fatty acid and long chain alcohol
58
What are the components of butter?
glycerol and fatty acid
59
What are the components of a phospholipid?
glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, and amine alcohol
60
What are the components of olive oil?
glycerol and fatty acid
61
Which foods have a high cholesterol content?
eggs, butter, and cheese
62
How does a protein hormone get into a cell?
cannot get into the cell
63
Which transports triglycerides made in the liver to the muscles?
VLDL
64
Which is the least dense of the lipoproteins?
VLDL
65
Which is called "the bad cholesterol"?
LDL
66
How does CO2 get out of a cell?
simple diffusion
67
How does amino acids get into a cell? (going from high concentration to low)
facilitated diffusion
68
How does glucose accumulate in the liver for storage?
active transport
69
How does a steroid hormone get into a cell?
simple diffusion
70
How does cholesterol get into a cell?
simple diffusion
71
How does a triglyceride get into a cell?
VLDL
72
Which moves cholesterol from the cells to the liver?
HDL
73
Which contains the highest % of protein?
HDL
74
How does a fatty acid get into a cell
simple diffusion
75
How does sucrose get into the cell?
cannot get into cell
76
T/F The cell membrane controls the flow of compounds into and out of the cell
True
77
T/F Cells like mitochandria (which need a large supply of glucose) will have more protein channels than cells that are for insulation
True
78
T/F All cell membranes have the same % of proteins versus lipids
False
79
T/F Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both need protein channels
False
80
T/F Active transport needs energy in the form of ATP
True
81
T/F An emulsifier keeps a polar compound and a non-polar compound together
True
82
What is the major component of a cell membrane?
phospholipids
83
How would the covering on an apple (or on a duck's feathers) be classified?
wax
84
How would corn oil be classified?
triglyceride
85
How would glycogen be classified?
not a lipid
86
How would arachidonic acid be classified?
fatty acid
87
How would Vitamin D be classified?
steroid structure
88
How would cholesterol be classified?
steroid structure
89
What type of compound keeps the cholesterol bound to the proteins in a HDL?
phospholipid
90
Which of the following are soluble in blood?
salt of fatty acid, sucrose, soaps, and all monosaccharides
91
T/F Proteins in cell membranes are only on the surface of the membrane
False
92
T/F Aldosterone is a diuretic causing the kidneys to excrete more urine
False
93
T/F Aspirin (and other NSAIDs) inhibit all prostaglandin formation
False
94
How is glycerol classified?
alcohol
95
What functional group is present in any hydrolyzable lipid?
ester
96
Which statement concerning lipids is false?
Glycogen is the lipid used for storing energy
97
Which of the following statements concerning the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is true? (Give all answers)
The lipid bilayer consists of two layers of phosholipids
The ionic ends of the phospholipids are exposed on the exterior of the bilayer
Cholesterol is scattered throughout the bilayer to make it more fluid
98
Which of the following substances are NOT found in lipoproteins?
starch
99
High levels of one class of human plasma lipoproteins is thought to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. Which class is it?
HDL
100
Which of the following is true concerning fatty acids?
They are long chain carboxylic acids
They usually contain an even number of carbons
The carbon chain in the fatty acids may contain double bonds
Fatty acids are not soluble in blood
101
Which of the following have a glycerol backbone?
fat, triglyceride, oil, and phospholipid
102
Which of the following can be saponified?
a fat, triglyceride, oil, and phospholipid
103
Which is the most polar lipid?
phospholipids
104
Which of the following would react with a hydrolase enzyme?
fat, triglyceride, oil, phospholipid
105
A typical cell has almost 9000 different proteins
True
106
A salt bridge is the strongest side chain interaction
False
107
Hair permanents involve destroying and then creating new disulfide bonds
True
108
Most amino acids found in nature are D-amino acids
False
109
How many polypeptide chains are in hemoglobin?
4
110
How many polypeptide chains are in immunoglobulin?
4
111
How many polypeptide chains are in insulin?
2
112
How many polypeptide chains in collagen?
3
113
Which amino acids have an amide side chain?
asaparagine and glutamine
114
What type of bonding is NOT found between protein chains in the quaternary structure?
hydrophobic interactions
115
What amino acids would be found only on the inside of a globular protein?
amino acids with non-polar side chains
116
Which does NOT represent a covalent bond?
hydrogen bonding and salt bridge
117
An accidental replacement of a wrong amino acid in the primary structure of a protein will always cause major physiological changes (which can be fatal)
False
118
How many polypeptide chains in a typical globular protein?
1
119
Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in glutamine and lysine
hydrogen bonding
120
Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in isoleucine and proline
hydrophobic interaction
121
Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in cysteine and cysteine
disulfide bond
122
Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in arginine and glutamic acid
salt bridges
123
Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in threonine and tyrosine
hydrogen bonding
124
Identify the type of tertiary interaction which contains an ionic bond
salt bridges
125
In electrophoresis using a buffer with a pH of 6.0, where would serine move?
will not move
126
In electrophoresis using a buffer with a pH of 4.2, where would tyrosine move?
to the negative electrode
127
In electrophoresis using a buffer with a pH of 10.2, where would valine move?
to the positive electrode`
128
beta sheets is found in what type of protein structure?
secondary structure (2)
129
Hydrogen bonding of the "O" in the amide and the "H" on the nitrogen in a different amide is found in what type of protein structure?
secondary structure (2)
130
More than one polypeptide chain linked together is found in what type of protein structure?
quaternary structure (4)
131
alpha helix is found in what type of protein structure?
secondary structure (2)
132
salt bridges are found in what type of protein structure?
tertiary and quaternary structure
133
Amino acid sequencing is found in what type of protein structure?
primary structure (1)
134
disulfide bond is found in what type of protein structure?
tertiary and quaternary structure
135
The interaction between the alcohol side chain of serine with the phenol side chain of tyrosine (in the same protein chain) is found in what type of protein structure?
tertiary structure (3)
136
The ionic end of aspartic acid interaction with the ionic end of lysine (in a different chain of the protein) is found in what type of protein structure?
quaternary structure (4)
137
What type of compound is glycogen?
a carbohydrate
138
What type of compound is a triglyceride?
a lipid
139
What type of compound is casein?
globular protein
140
What type of compound is cortisol?
a lipid
141
What type of compound is keratins?
fibrous protein
142
What type of compound is insulin?
globular protein
143
What type of compound is aldosterone?
a lipid
144
What type of compound is serum globulins?
globular protein
145
What protein stores oxygen in heart muscle?
myoglobin
146
What protein transports cholesterol in HDL and LDL?
serum globulin
147
What protein transports fatty acids in plasma phospholipids?
serum albumin
148
What protein is stored in egg white?
ovalvumin
149
What protein transports oxygen in red blood cells?
hemoglobin
150
What protein regulates osmotic pressure in blood?
ovalbumin
151
What protein is commonly referred to as antibodies?
immuglobulin
152
What protein induces labor and will start lactation?
oxytocin
153
What protein will increase water retention in the kidney ?
vasopressin
154
Which protein is the most abundant in a human body?
collagen
155
Which protein is found in muscle?
myosin
156
Which protein is found in hair, nails and animal hoofs?
keratin
157
Which protein stores iron in the spleen?
ferritin
158
Which protein is found in elastic connective tissue like artery walls?
elastin
159
Which protein is found in tendons, skin, teeth and bones?
collagen
160
Which protein is found in milk?
casein
161
An anti-diuretic will reduce the amount of water excreted
true
162
Proteins are most soluble at their isoelectric point
false
163
Proteins in our diet that come from different sources (cows, fish or plants) will contain different % of the essential amino acids.
true
164
Plasma proteins are mainly made in the liver
true
165
In times of protein deprivation the plasma proteins will be metabolized before muscle proteins.
false
166
There are 5 different proteins found in plasma
false
167
Which is the smallest protein?
vasopressin
168
Which is the largest protein?
immunoglobulins
169
Which protein is replaced most often?
enzymes
170
Which protein is replaced least often?
collagen
171
Fetal hemoglobin has a smaller affinity for O2 than normal hemoglobin
false
172
Sickle cell anemia is caused by the replacement of a polar amino acid with a non-polar amino acid
true
173
In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin molecule is not a sphere like normal hemoglobin
true
174
A certain protein has no net charge at a pH of 8.2 What charge will it have at a pH of 5.6
positive charge
175
Albumen has an isoelectric point = 4.9 At which pH will albumen be least soluble in blood?
pH= 4.9
176
Albumen has an isoelectric point = 4.9 To which electrode will albumen move with a buffer = 2.4?
negative electrode
177
Which is most soluble in blood, globular proteins or fibrous proteins?
globular
178
What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis?
vitamin C
179
What type of hormone can slide through the cell membrane?
steroid hormone
180
What type of hormone is produced in one place in the body and affects other parts of the body?
protein and steroid hormone
181
What type of hormone attaches to a receptor site on the outside of the target cell?
protein hormone
182
What is the unique structure of collagen that gives it unusual strength?
triple helix
183
Which are true of milk getting "sour"?
Bacteria in the milk will convert lactose to lactic acid
Casein will precipitate out of the milk as the pH gets lower
Casein that precipitates out of milk is called "milk curds"
184
Which of the following can Hydrogen bond to serine?
tyrosine, CH3CH2OH, glutamine, aspartic acid, and H2O
185
Amino acids are not stored (like glucose storage or triglyceride storage)
True
186
Which is true of a zwitterion?
At their isoelectric point, all amino acids are zwitterions and A zwitterion has a + charge and a - charge but the ion is actually neutral
187
By convention, the COOH terminal end is always written on the right of a peptide chain and the NH2 terminal is always written on the left.
True
188
The tertiary structure of a protein describes the overall three dimensional shape of the protein
True
189
Which is true of Ala-Cys-Thr-Thr?
It is held together by three amide bonds and when hydrolyzed it will give 3 different amino acids
190
Which are true of hemoglobin?
it is found in red blood cells, It contains a heme group (or groups) which binds with O2, One hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 oxygen molecules. and It is a globular protein
191
Which are true of fibrous proteins?
They do not need to be soluble in blood, They are much stronger than globular proteins, and Muscle proteins are examples
192
Which is true of globular proteins?
They are soluble in blood, They are easily denatured, They have a spherical shape. and All enzymes
193
Which part of a protein's structure is not changed when it is denatured?
primary
194
Essential amino acids are ones that have to be found in proteins in our diet
True
195
Classify a kinase enzyme, using the following 6 classifications.
transferase
196
What type of enzyme catalyzes a dehydration reaction? Use the following 6 classifications.
lyase
197
What type of enzyme is needed to convert cis 2-pentene to trans 2-pentene. Use the following 6 classifications.
isomerase
198
What type of enzyme is needed to convert oxaloacetate & acetylCoA to citric acid? (Not a memory fact) Use the following 6 classifications.
ligase
199
What type of enzyme is a phospholipase? Use the following 6 classifications.
hydrolyase
200
What type of enzyme is citric acid synthetase? Use the following 6 classifications.
ligase
201
What type of enzyme is acetoacetate decarboxylase? Use the following 6 classifications.
lyase
202
What type of enzyme is needed for the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-3-phosphate? Use the following 6 classifications.
isomerase
203
What type of enzyme is citric acid synthetase? Use the following 6 classifications.
ligase
204
What type of enzyme catalyzes the removal of an amino group from one substrate and its addition to another compound? Use the following 6 classifications.
transferase
205
What type of enzyme catalyzes the joining of two molecules? Use the following 6 classifications.
ligase
206
What type of enzyme catalyzes the rearrangement of functional groups within a molecule? Use the following 6 classifications.
isomerase
207
corn oil can react with a hydrolase enzyme
true
208
A prostaglandin can react with a hydrolase enzyme
false
209
aldosterone can react with a hydrolase enzyme
false
210
glycogen can react with a hydrolase enzyme
true
211
glycerol can react with a hydrolase enzyme
false
212
A pentapeptide can react with a hydrolase enzyme
true
213
A pentose can react with a hydrolase enzyme
false
214
ethyl benzoate can react with a hydrolase enzyme
true
215
Dextrins can react with a hydrolase enzyme
true
216
What is the charge on phenylalanine at a pH = 8.0?
-1
217
What is the charge on phenylalanine at a pH = 6.0?
0
218
What is the charge on phenylalanine at a pH = 13.0?
-1
