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CHEM 103 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How is galactose classified?

A

monosaccharide

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2
Q

How is glycogen classified?

A

polysaccharide

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3
Q

How is dextrins classified?

A

polysaccharide

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4
Q

How is cellulose classified?

A

polysaccharide

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5
Q

How is sucrose classified?

A

disaccharide

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6
Q

How is amylopectin classified?

A

polysaccharide

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7
Q

How is lactose classified?

A

disaccharide

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8
Q

How is amylase classified?

A

not a sugar

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9
Q

How is fructose classified?

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

Which is true of lactose?

A

It is called “milk sugar”
It is broken down by the enzyme lactase
“Lactose intolerance” is caused by missing (or deficit amount) of lactase
Cooking milk will cause the lactose to be hydrolyzed

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11
Q

Which of the following are true of sucrose?

A

It is called “table sugar”
It can be broken down by the enzyme sucrase
It is not synthesized by animals
It is not a “reducing” sugar

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12
Q

Which is true of cellulose?

A

It is composed of only glucose molecules
It is digested by cows and termites but not humans
In humans, it is used as dietary fiber

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13
Q

Which of the following is not found in starch?

A

cellulose and fructose

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14
Q

Amylose and amylopectin are both components of starch. How do their structures differ?

A

Amylose is a linear polysaccharide and amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide

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15
Q

Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates is INCORRECT?

A

Monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides by hydrogen bonding

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16
Q

Which statements are correct concerning glycogen?

A

It is a very branched polysaccharide
It is used to for short-term energy requirements of the body
The hydrolysis of glycogen will produce glucose molecules

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17
Q

Which of the following carbohydrates contain something other than glucose?

A

sucrose and lactose

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18
Q

Which are soluble in water?

A

glucose and glyceraldehyde

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19
Q

What are the product or products of maltose and maltase?

A

glucose

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20
Q

What are the product or products of lactose and lactase?

A

glucose and galactose

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21
Q

What are the product or products of sucrose and sucrase?

A

glucose and fructose

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22
Q

What are the product or products of dextrins and amylase?

A

glucose

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23
Q

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

A

galactose, glucose, and fructose

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24
Q

Which of the following are disaccharides?

A

lactose and sucrose

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25
Q

Which of the following are polysaccharides?

A

glycogen, amylopectin, starch, cellulose

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26
Q

Which of the following can produced from the hydrolysis of starch?

A

amylopectin, dextrins, maltose, and
amylose

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27
Q

Which of the following are non-reducing sugars?

A

starch and cellulose

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28
Q

Which of the following are soluble in water?

A

all monosaccharides, lactose, and sucrose

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29
Q

Which can move through a cell membrane?

A

ribose, glucose, and galactose

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30
Q

Which is true of dextrins?

A

they come from the partial hydrolysis of starch
they are used in baby cereal because they are easy to digest
they are used in children’s glue or paste

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31
Q

The following disaccharide is called Melibiose and is found in some plant juices. Which of the following statements are true?

A

It is composed of two different monosaccharides and it is a reducing sugar

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32
Q

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

Humans do not possess the enzyme necessary to hydrolyze the Beta (1-4) linkage

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33
Q

T/F The melting point of saturated fatty acids decrease with increasing number of carbons

A

False

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34
Q

T/F All lipid molecules have a polar end and a non-polar end

A

False

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35
Q

T/F The ionic end of a phospholipid is the hydrophilic end

A

True

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36
Q

T/F Triglycerides are the most polar lipids

A

False

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37
Q

T/F Triglycerides are the most polar lipids

A

True

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38
Q

T/F Most fats come from animals and most oils from vegetables

A

True

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39
Q

T/F At room temperature, most fats are solids and most oils are liquids

A

True

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40
Q

T/F A wax is hard to digest because it has no ester linkage

A

False

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41
Q

T/F Plants do not contain cholesterol

A

True

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42
Q

Which statements are true of cholesterol?

A

It is made in the liver
Excess cholesterol which is not needed by the body is sent to the gall bladder
Cholesterol is synthesized from acetylCo (the product of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism)

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43
Q

Cholesterol is used to make what compounds?

A

Vitamin D, aldosterone and cortisol (or cortisone), all sex hormones, and all steroid hormones

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44
Q

What steroid hormone regulates Na+ and K+ ions and promotes water retention?

A

aldosterone

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45
Q

What steroid hormone regulates the conversion of proteins to carbohydrates (under great stress)?

A

cortisone (or cortisol)

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46
Q

Which statement is true concerning the salt of a fatty acid?

A

It is called a soap
It is very soluble in water
It is made from basic hydrolysis of a fat
It is made from saponification of a triglyceride

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47
Q

What monosaccharide is found in glycolipids?

A

galactose

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48
Q

What process will convert a liquid oil into margarine (a more solid lipid)?

A

hydrogenation

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49
Q

T/F The swelling in an inflammatory response is due to a decrease in permeability of the dilated blood vessels

A

False

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50
Q

T/F The redness in an inflammatory response is due to the dilation of the blood vessels

A

True

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51
Q

Which is true of prostaglandin synthesis?

A

The phospholipid in the tissue cell membrane contains arachidonic acid.
The enzyme “phospholipase” produces “free” arachidonic acid and can be inhibited by steroid drugs like “cortisone shot”
Enzymes like “cyclooxygenase” will convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins

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52
Q

Which is true of prostaglandins?

A

Extremely potent in very minute amounts
Synthesized in tissue cells only when needed
They usually have a 5 membered ring with two carbon chains coming off the ring

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53
Q

What are the effects of prostaglandins?

A

Can induce labor
Causes the inflammatory response
Causes fever and pain sensitivity
Some can cause blood clotting and some can prevent blood clotting

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54
Q

Which is true of inflammatory response?

A

It is caused by prostaglandins
Cortisone and aspirin are both anti-inflammatories but affect different enzymes

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55
Q

In the diseases Tay Sachs, or Niemann-Pick or Gaucher’s, the infant is missing the enzymes to metabolize what type of compounds?

A

glycolipids (or sphingolipids)

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56
Q

Which is not a purpose of triglycerides?

A

synthesize proteins

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57
Q

What are the components of Beeswax

A

fatty acid and long chain alcohol

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58
Q

What are the components of butter?

A

glycerol and fatty acid

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59
Q

What are the components of a phospholipid?

A

glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, and amine alcohol

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60
Q

What are the components of olive oil?

A

glycerol and fatty acid

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61
Q

Which foods have a high cholesterol content?

A

eggs, butter, and cheese

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62
Q

How does a protein hormone get into a cell?

A

cannot get into the cell

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63
Q

Which transports triglycerides made in the liver to the muscles?

A

VLDL

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64
Q

Which is the least dense of the lipoproteins?

A

VLDL

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65
Q

Which is called “the bad cholesterol”?

A

LDL

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66
Q

How does CO2 get out of a cell?

A

simple diffusion

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67
Q

How does amino acids get into a cell? (going from high concentration to low)

A

facilitated diffusion

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68
Q

How does glucose accumulate in the liver for storage?

A

active transport

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69
Q

How does a steroid hormone get into a cell?

A

simple diffusion

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70
Q

How does cholesterol get into a cell?

A

simple diffusion

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71
Q

How does a triglyceride get into a cell?

A

VLDL

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72
Q

Which moves cholesterol from the cells to the liver?

A

HDL

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73
Q

Which contains the highest % of protein?

A

HDL

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74
Q

How does a fatty acid get into a cell

A

simple diffusion

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75
Q

How does sucrose get into the cell?

A

cannot get into cell

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76
Q

T/F The cell membrane controls the flow of compounds into and out of the cell

A

True

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77
Q

T/F Cells like mitochandria (which need a large supply of glucose) will have more protein channels than cells that are for insulation

A

True

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78
Q

T/F All cell membranes have the same % of proteins versus lipids

A

False

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79
Q

T/F Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both need protein channels

A

False

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80
Q

T/F Active transport needs energy in the form of ATP

A

True

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81
Q

T/F An emulsifier keeps a polar compound and a non-polar compound together

A

True

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82
Q

What is the major component of a cell membrane?

A

phospholipids

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83
Q

How would the covering on an apple (or on a duck’s feathers) be classified?

A

wax

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84
Q

How would corn oil be classified?

A

triglyceride

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85
Q

How would glycogen be classified?

A

not a lipid

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86
Q

How would arachidonic acid be classified?

A

fatty acid

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87
Q

How would Vitamin D be classified?

A

steroid structure

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88
Q

How would cholesterol be classified?

A

steroid structure

89
Q

What type of compound keeps the cholesterol bound to the proteins in a HDL?

A

phospholipid

90
Q

Which of the following are soluble in blood?

A

salt of fatty acid, sucrose, soaps, and all monosaccharides

91
Q

T/F Proteins in cell membranes are only on the surface of the membrane

A

False

92
Q

T/F Aldosterone is a diuretic causing the kidneys to excrete more urine

A

False

93
Q

T/F Aspirin (and other NSAIDs) inhibit all prostaglandin formation

A

False

94
Q

How is glycerol classified?

A

alcohol

95
Q

What functional group is present in any hydrolyzable lipid?

A

ester

96
Q

Which statement concerning lipids is false?

A

Glycogen is the lipid used for storing energy

97
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is true? (Give all answers)

A

The lipid bilayer consists of two layers of phosholipids
The ionic ends of the phospholipids are exposed on the exterior of the bilayer
Cholesterol is scattered throughout the bilayer to make it more fluid

98
Q

Which of the following substances are NOT found in lipoproteins?

A

starch

99
Q

High levels of one class of human plasma lipoproteins is thought to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. Which class is it?

A

HDL

100
Q

Which of the following is true concerning fatty acids?

A

They are long chain carboxylic acids
They usually contain an even number of carbons
The carbon chain in the fatty acids may contain double bonds
Fatty acids are not soluble in blood

101
Q

Which of the following have a glycerol backbone?

A

fat, triglyceride, oil, and phospholipid

102
Q

Which of the following can be saponified?

A

a fat, triglyceride, oil, and phospholipid

103
Q

Which is the most polar lipid?

A

phospholipids

104
Q

Which of the following would react with a hydrolase enzyme?

A

fat, triglyceride, oil, phospholipid

105
Q

A typical cell has almost 9000 different proteins

A

True

106
Q

A salt bridge is the strongest side chain interaction

A

False

107
Q

Hair permanents involve destroying and then creating new disulfide bonds

A

True

108
Q

Most amino acids found in nature are D-amino acids

A

False

109
Q

How many polypeptide chains are in hemoglobin?

A

4

110
Q

How many polypeptide chains are in immunoglobulin?

A

4

111
Q

How many polypeptide chains are in insulin?

A

2

112
Q

How many polypeptide chains in collagen?

A

3

113
Q

Which amino acids have an amide side chain?

A

asaparagine and glutamine

114
Q

What type of bonding is NOT found between protein chains in the quaternary structure?

A

hydrophobic interactions

115
Q

What amino acids would be found only on the inside of a globular protein?

A

amino acids with non-polar side chains

116
Q

Which does NOT represent a covalent bond?

A

hydrogen bonding and salt bridge

117
Q

An accidental replacement of a wrong amino acid in the primary structure of a protein will always cause major physiological changes (which can be fatal)

A

False

118
Q

How many polypeptide chains in a typical globular protein?

A

1

119
Q

Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in glutamine and lysine

A

hydrogen bonding

120
Q

Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in isoleucine and proline

A

hydrophobic interaction

121
Q

Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in cysteine and cysteine

A

disulfide bond

122
Q

Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in arginine and glutamic acid

A

salt bridges

123
Q

Identify the type of tertiary interaction involved in threonine and tyrosine

A

hydrogen bonding

124
Q

Identify the type of tertiary interaction which contains an ionic bond

A

salt bridges

125
Q

In electrophoresis using a buffer with a pH of 6.0, where would serine move?

A

will not move

126
Q

In electrophoresis using a buffer with a pH of 4.2, where would tyrosine move?

A

to the negative electrode

127
Q

In electrophoresis using a buffer with a pH of 10.2, where would valine move?

A

to the positive electrode`

128
Q

beta sheets is found in what type of protein structure?

A

secondary structure (2)

129
Q

Hydrogen bonding of the “O” in the amide and the “H” on the nitrogen in a different amide is found in what type of protein structure?

A

secondary structure (2)

130
Q

More than one polypeptide chain linked together is found in what type of protein structure?

A

quaternary structure (4)

131
Q

alpha helix is found in what type of protein structure?

A

secondary structure (2)

132
Q

salt bridges are found in what type of protein structure?

A

tertiary and quaternary structure

133
Q

Amino acid sequencing is found in what type of protein structure?

A

primary structure (1)

134
Q

disulfide bond is found in what type of protein structure?

A

tertiary and quaternary structure

135
Q

The interaction between the alcohol side chain of serine with the phenol side chain of tyrosine (in the same protein chain) is found in what type of protein structure?

A

tertiary structure (3)

136
Q

The ionic end of aspartic acid interaction with the ionic end of lysine (in a different chain of the protein) is found in what type of protein structure?

A

quaternary structure (4)

137
Q

What type of compound is glycogen?

A

a carbohydrate

138
Q

What type of compound is a triglyceride?

A

a lipid

139
Q

What type of compound is casein?

A

globular protein

140
Q

What type of compound is cortisol?

A

a lipid

141
Q

What type of compound is keratins?

A

fibrous protein

142
Q

What type of compound is insulin?

A

globular protein

143
Q

What type of compound is aldosterone?

A

a lipid

144
Q

What type of compound is serum globulins?

A

globular protein

145
Q

What protein stores oxygen in heart muscle?

A

myoglobin

146
Q

What protein transports cholesterol in HDL and LDL?

A

serum globulin

147
Q

What protein transports fatty acids in plasma phospholipids?

A

serum albumin

148
Q

What protein is stored in egg white?

A

ovalvumin

149
Q

What protein transports oxygen in red blood cells?

A

hemoglobin

150
Q

What protein regulates osmotic pressure in blood?

A

ovalbumin

151
Q

What protein is commonly referred to as antibodies?

A

immuglobulin

152
Q

What protein induces labor and will start lactation?

A

oxytocin

153
Q

What protein will increase water retention in the kidney ?

A

vasopressin

154
Q

Which protein is the most abundant in a human body?

A

collagen

155
Q

Which protein is found in muscle?

A

myosin

156
Q

Which protein is found in hair, nails and animal hoofs?

A

keratin

157
Q

Which protein stores iron in the spleen?

A

ferritin

158
Q

Which protein is found in elastic connective tissue like artery walls?

A

elastin

159
Q

Which protein is found in tendons, skin, teeth and bones?

A

collagen

160
Q

Which protein is found in milk?

A

casein

161
Q

An anti-diuretic will reduce the amount of water excreted

A

true

162
Q

Proteins are most soluble at their isoelectric point

A

false

163
Q

Proteins in our diet that come from different sources (cows, fish or plants) will contain different % of the essential amino acids.

A

true

164
Q

Plasma proteins are mainly made in the liver

A

true

165
Q

In times of protein deprivation the plasma proteins will be metabolized before muscle proteins.

A

false

166
Q

There are 5 different proteins found in plasma

A

false

167
Q

Which is the smallest protein?

A

vasopressin

168
Q

Which is the largest protein?

A

immunoglobulins

169
Q

Which protein is replaced most often?

A

enzymes

170
Q

Which protein is replaced least often?

A

collagen

171
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a smaller affinity for O2 than normal hemoglobin

A

false

172
Q

Sickle cell anemia is caused by the replacement of a polar amino acid with a non-polar amino acid

A

true

173
Q

In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin molecule is not a sphere like normal hemoglobin

A

true

174
Q

A certain protein has no net charge at a pH of 8.2 What charge will it have at a pH of 5.6

A

positive charge

175
Q

Albumen has an isoelectric point = 4.9 At which pH will albumen be least soluble in blood?

A

pH= 4.9

176
Q

Albumen has an isoelectric point = 4.9 To which electrode will albumen move with a buffer = 2.4?

A

negative electrode

177
Q

Which is most soluble in blood, globular proteins or fibrous proteins?

A

globular

178
Q

What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis?

A

vitamin C

179
Q

What type of hormone can slide through the cell membrane?

A

steroid hormone

180
Q

What type of hormone is produced in one place in the body and affects other parts of the body?

A

protein and steroid hormone

181
Q

What type of hormone attaches to a receptor site on the outside of the target cell?

A

protein hormone

182
Q

What is the unique structure of collagen that gives it unusual strength?

A

triple helix

183
Q

Which are true of milk getting “sour”?

A

Bacteria in the milk will convert lactose to lactic acid
Casein will precipitate out of the milk as the pH gets lower
Casein that precipitates out of milk is called “milk curds”

184
Q

Which of the following can Hydrogen bond to serine?

A

tyrosine, CH3CH2OH, glutamine, aspartic acid, and H2O

185
Q

Amino acids are not stored (like glucose storage or triglyceride storage)

A

True

186
Q

Which is true of a zwitterion?

A

At their isoelectric point, all amino acids are zwitterions and A zwitterion has a + charge and a - charge but the ion is actually neutral

187
Q

By convention, the COOH terminal end is always written on the right of a peptide chain and the NH2 terminal is always written on the left.

A

True

188
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein describes the overall three dimensional shape of the protein

A

True

189
Q

Which is true of Ala-Cys-Thr-Thr?

A

It is held together by three amide bonds and when hydrolyzed it will give 3 different amino acids

190
Q

Which are true of hemoglobin?

A

it is found in red blood cells, It contains a heme group (or groups) which binds with O2, One hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 oxygen molecules. and It is a globular protein

191
Q

Which are true of fibrous proteins?

A

They do not need to be soluble in blood, They are much stronger than globular proteins, and Muscle proteins are examples

192
Q

Which is true of globular proteins?

A

They are soluble in blood, They are easily denatured, They have a spherical shape. and All enzymes

193
Q

Which part of a protein’s structure is not changed when it is denatured?

A

primary

194
Q

Essential amino acids are ones that have to be found in proteins in our diet

A

True

195
Q

Classify a kinase enzyme, using the following 6 classifications.

A

transferase

196
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes a dehydration reaction? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

lyase

197
Q

What type of enzyme is needed to convert cis 2-pentene to trans 2-pentene. Use the following 6 classifications.

A

isomerase

198
Q

What type of enzyme is needed to convert oxaloacetate & acetylCoA to citric acid? (Not a memory fact) Use the following 6 classifications.

A

ligase

199
Q

What type of enzyme is a phospholipase? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

hydrolyase

200
Q

What type of enzyme is citric acid synthetase? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

ligase

201
Q

What type of enzyme is acetoacetate decarboxylase? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

lyase

202
Q

What type of enzyme is needed for the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-3-phosphate? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

isomerase

203
Q

What type of enzyme is citric acid synthetase? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

ligase

204
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the removal of an amino group from one substrate and its addition to another compound? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

transferase

205
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the joining of two molecules? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

ligase

206
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the rearrangement of functional groups within a molecule? Use the following 6 classifications.

A

isomerase

207
Q

corn oil can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

true

208
Q

A prostaglandin can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

false

209
Q

aldosterone can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

false

210
Q

glycogen can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

true

211
Q

glycerol can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

false

212
Q

A pentapeptide can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

true

213
Q

A pentose can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

false

214
Q

ethyl benzoate can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

true

215
Q

Dextrins can react with a hydrolase enzyme

A

true

216
Q

What is the charge on phenylalanine at a pH = 8.0?

A

-1

217
Q

What is the charge on phenylalanine at a pH = 6.0?

A

0

218
Q

What is the charge on phenylalanine at a pH = 13.0?

A

-1

CHEM 103 (4 decks)

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