Exam 3

Question 1

diffusion

Answer 1

The random movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Question 2

osmosis

Answer 2

The spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

Question 3

solution

Answer 3

water

Question 4

solute

Answer 4

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

Question 5

passive transport

Answer 5

particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Question 6

concentration gradient

Answer 6

occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another.

Question 7

hormones

Answer 7

singular molecule, produced by certain cells that tell other cells what to do under specific situation’s.

Question 8

feedback regulation

Answer 8

the system varies from the set-point, hormones, restore, balance.

Question 9

antagonistic hormones

Answer 9

balance each other (ex. Control blood sugar.) poor bones involved are insulin and glucose.

Question 10

insulin

Answer 10

causes blood sugar levels to go down

Question 11

glucagon

Answer 11

causes blood sugar levels to go up

Question 12

type one diabetes

Answer 12

is a genetic condition that often shows up early in life

Question 13

type two diabetes

Answer 13

lifestyle-related and developed overtime

Question 14

external defense

Answer 14

keeps pathogens from entering the body

Question 15

physical barriers

Answer 15

skin, lining of mouth, nose, lungs, vagina

Question 16

chemical barriers

Answer 16

stomach acid, tears, sweat, urine

Question 17

innate immune system

Answer 17

the first line of defense, recognize self from non self

Question 18

adaptive immune system

Answer 18

pathogen-specific response

Question 19

neutrophils + phagocytes

Answer 19

destroy any non self pathogen, eat infected cells

Question 20

b cells

Answer 20

make antibodies

Question 21

t cells

Answer 21

kill body cells that are flagged as infected

Question 22

antibodies

Answer 22

recognize specific cell surface proteins of invader and bind to it

Question 23

memory cells

Answer 23

hang around prime body activating system and creates memory cells

Question 24

vaccine types

Answer 24

inactivated and mRNA vaccines

Question 25

flu vaccine

Answer 25

inject dead virus or just surface protein

Question 26

mRNA vaccine

Answer 26

antigen code triggers immune response

Question 27

components of blood

Answer 27

92% water, dissolved gas, small molecule, special cells

Question 28

red blood cells

Answer 28

transports oxygen gas in the blood stream

Question 29

brain damage

Answer 29

can go 4 minutes without O2 without suffering damage

Question 30

arteries

Answer 30

lead blood away from the heart

Question 31

veins

Answer 31

return blood to the heart

Question 32

capillaries

Answer 32

branch into network, capillary beds

Question 33

alveoli and capillaries

Answer 33

do gas exchange between blood and where tissue fueling take place

Question 34

CO2 in lungs

Answer 34

higher in the blood, lower in the lungs (blood to lungs)

Question 35

O2 in lungs

Answer 35

lower in the blood, higher in the lungs (lungs to blood)

Question 36

capillary tissue interface

Answer 36

CO2 higher in tissue, lower in blood O2 higher in blood, lower in tissue

Question 37

pain receptors

Answer 37

injury and noxious chemicals

Question 38

thermoreceptors

Answer 38

hot or cold

Question 39

mechanoreceptors

Answer 39

respond to physical changes (touch, hearing, body position)

Question 40

chemoreceptors

Answer 40

respond to chemicals like taste and smell

Question 41

photoreceptors

Answer 41

light and vision

Question 42

electroreceptors

Answer 42

respond to electrical fields (animals)

Question 43

peripheral nervous system

Answer 43

sensory organs, nerves (connect to CNS)

Question 44

central nervous system

Answer 44

brain and spinal cord (middle)

Question 45

neurotransmitter

Answer 45

chemical that transmits and impulse across and synapse

Question 46

skeletal muscle

Answer 46

attached to bones

Question 47

cardiac muscle

Answer 47

cells branch to contract across the heart

Question 48

smooth muscle

Answer 48

tubular systems (uterus, digestive system)

Question 49

AV Node

Answer 49

triggers ventricles to contract together

Question 50

SA Node

Answer 50

triggers atria to contract together

Question 51

axial skeleton

Answer 51

skull, vertebrae column, rib cage (axial = center)

Question 52

appendicular skeleton

Answer 52

shoulder and pelvic girdle, arms, legs, hand, feet

Question 53

tendons

Answer 53

connect muscle to bone

Question 54

ligaments

Answer 54

connect bones to other joints

Question 55

osteocytes

Answer 55

build bones, found in lucanae

Question 56

osteoclasts

Answer 56

break down bone

Question 57

red marrow

Answer 57

blood cell formation

Question 58

yellow marrow

Answer 58

fat storage, in the middle of long bone

Question 59

central canal (osteon)

Answer 59

1 vein, 1 artery, 1 nerve

Question 60

fertilization

Answer 60

sperm and ovum nuclei fuse

Question 61

cleavage

Answer 61

zygote divides without growth

Question 62

blastocyte formation

Answer 62

hollow ball becomes structured

Question 63

implantation

Answer 63

blastocyte arrives in the uterus and implants (8-9 days post fertilization) (called embryo in endometrium)

Question 64

gastrulation

Answer 64

inner cell mass forms embryonic tissue layers

Question 65

inner tube

Answer 65

digestive system

Question 66

outer layer

Answer 66

integumentary system (nervous system)

Question 67

middle layer

Answer 67

organ systems lying between the gut and skin (circ & skeletal)

Question 68

spina bifida

Answer 68

neural tube fails to form properly