Exam 3 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What are the factors that affect the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals?
A
- Efficiency of digestion (ex; diarrhea, bariatric surgery, gallbladder disease, pancreatitis)
- Previous nutrient intake and nutritional status
- Other foods eaten at the same time
- Food processing and preparation techniques
- Source of vitamin (natural food source, synthetic source, fortified)
2
Q
Are water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins needed on a daily basis?
A
Water-soluble vitamins are needed on a daily basis while fat-soluble vitamins are not.
3
Q
What is required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?
A
Requires fat and bile for absorption.
4
Q
What is golden rice, and how is it related to vitamins?
A
Golden rice is white rice that has been fortified with vitamin A. It is a genetically modified food.
5
Q
How is Vitamin D from the diet activated?
A
Vitamin D, calciferol, from the diet is absorbed in GIT and moves through the bloodstream on its way to lymph nodes. After that, it heads to the liver, where it is converted to 25-(OH) D3/ calcidiol. This then travels to the kidneys, where 1 alpha-hydroxylase converts it to 1,25-(OH)2 D3/ Calcitriol.
6
Q
How is Vitamin D from the sun activated?
A
Vitamin D can be made when skin cells are exposed to UV radiation because a cholesterol derivative, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is activated into cholecalciferol. This is now vitamin D3 that follows the same liver and kidney process as dietary intake situation.
7
Q
What is the most active form of vitamin D?
A
1,25 di OH vit D/ Calcitriol is 10 times as active as cholecalciferol.
8
Q
What is the most readily absorbed form of vitamin D?
A
Cholecalciferol
9
Q
What are the best dietary sources for vitamin D?
A
Fish, fish oils, fortified products like milk, cereal, orange juice, and margarine
10
Q
What are the primary functions of vitamin D?
A
Important for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium through the stimulation of calcium-binding protein. CRITICAL FOR BONE HEALTH! Vitamin D also regulates neuromuscular and immune function and reduces inflammation.
11
Q
What hormone is released when blood calcium levels fall?
A
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted from parathyroid glands. This will stimulate vitamin D activity, increase osteoclast activity (bone breakdown), increases calcium retention in kidneys and increases absorption in the small intestine.
12
Q
What is the hormone secreted when blood calcium levels rise?
A
Calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid glands. This inhibits vitamin D activity, increases osteoblast activity (bone building), decreases calcium retention in the kidneys and decreases calcium absorption in the small intestine.
13
Q
What is the RDA for vitamin D?
A
Males and females 18-70 years: 15 micrograms
Males and females older than 70: 20 micrograms
14
Q
What is the UL of vitamin D?
A
100 micro grams
15
Q
What does the deficiency of vitamin D cause in children?
A
Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children. This includes bowed legs, knocked knees, and pigeon chest.
It causes osteomalacia in older adults, which includes symptoms like softening of bone, bending of spine, and bow legs.
16
Q
What does the deficiency of vitamin D cause in adults?
A
Osteomalacia. This is the softening of the bones, bending of spine, and bowed legs.
17
Q
Is breastmilk a good source of vitamin D?
A
NO! Supplementation is needed.
18
Q
How many forms of vitamin E are there, and what are they called?
A
There are 8 forms. 4 of them are called tocopherols, and the other 4 are called tocotrienols. Only alpha-tocopherol is maintained in the plasma and used in the body.
19
Q
What is the biological activity of alpha-tocopherol?
A
Alpha-tocopherol has a biological activity of 1.
20
Q
What form of vitamin E is found in most foods and supplements?
A
Alpha-tocopherol
21
Q
How biologically active is gamma-tocopherol (found in some foods and supplements)?
A
0.1-0.3 biological activity
22
Q
What are the best dietary sources of vitamin E?
A
Sunflower seeds, almonds, vegetable oil, wheat germ, and peanuts
23
Q
Vitamin E is NOT lost during the milling process and can be restored by enrichment if lost (T/F).
A
FALSE! Vitamin E is lost during milling and cannot be restored via enrichment
24
Q
What are the main functions of vitamin E?
A
ANTIOXIDANT! Vitamin E can help protect against atherosclerosis, cancer, premature cell ageing and death.
25
What is the RDA for vitamin E?
All people: 15 micro grams
26
What is the UL of vitamin E?
1,000 micro grams
27
What is a deficiency in vitamin E known as?
Vitamin E deficiency is RARE. There is no specific name for this deficiency but it can result in nerve damage, blindness, and immune system impairment.
28
What are the 3 compounds in the vitamin K family?
1. Phylloquinone (K1) (plant food)
2. Menaquinone (K2) (animal foods and bacteria in colon)
3. Menadione (K3) (synthetic)
29
What is the most biologically active form of vitamin K?
Phylloquinone (K1)
30
What is the most readily absorbed form of vitamin K?
Phylloquinone (K1)
31
What are the best dietary sources of vitamin K?
Kale, beet greens, turnip greens, spinach, brussels sprouts, broccoli
32
What are the main functions of vitamin K?
Vitamin K is essential in the blood clotting process. It is also an important coenzyme in the bone-building cells to produce osteocalcin (a protein needed for normal bone mineralization).
33
What is the RDA for vitamin K?
Males: 120 micro grams
Females: 90 micro grams
34
What is the UL for vitamin K?
There is none
35
What does a vitamin K deficiency include?
Vitamin K deficiencies are unlikely in healthy adults but can arise in populations with cystic fibrosis and long-term antibiotic use. You can tell if deficient by increased time for blood clotting.
36
Are vitamin K shots important for newborn babies?
Yes! Newborns have low vitamin K stores and need a shot of it after birth.
37
What are all of the water-soluble vitamins?
All B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate. Also includes vitamin C.
38
What is the coenzyme for thiamin?
TPP
39
What is the coenzyme for riboflavin?
FAD and FMN
40
What is the coenzyme for niacin?
NAD and NADP
41
What is the coenzyme for pantothenic acid?
CoA
42
What is the coenzyme for biotin?
Biotin itself
43
What is the coenzyme for vitamin B6?
PLP and PMP
44
What is the coenzyme for folate?
THFA
45
What is the coenzyme for vitamin B12?
B12 itself
46
What was the first vitamin ever to be discovered?
Thiamin!
47
What are the best dietary sources of thiamin?
Pork, wheat germ, ham, green peas, whole grains, and enriched grains
48
What is the primary function of thiamin?
Its most important function is as a component of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). This enzyme is important for carb metabolism (PDH complex) and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
49
What is the RDA for thiamin?
Men: 1.2 mg
Women: 1.1 mg
50
What is the UL for thiamin?
None determined.
51
What is a deficiency in thiamin called?
Thiamin deficiency causes Beriberi. Symptoms of this include weakness and poor muscular coordination. Populations at risk include alcoholics and areas with no enriched grains.
52
A client eats 3+ ounces of raw fish daily. How might high intakes of raw fish consumption impact vitamin levels?
Antithiamine factor called thiaminase is found in raw fish. This factor facilitates the cleavage of thiamin and destroys it. HEAT will kill this enzyme.
53
What are the best food sources of riboflavin?
Beef liver, diary, animal foods, All bran ceral.
54
What are the primary functions of riboflavin?
Riboflavin is an important component of coenzymes FMN and FAD which are involved in carb, fatty acid, and folate metabolism. Flavokinase is the enzyme that converts free riboflavin to its coenzyme form.
55
Can riboflavin be used to treat migraines?
Yes!
56
What is the RDA for riboflavin?
Men: 1.3 mg
Women: 1.1 mg
57
What is the UL of riboflavin?
Not established
58
What is a deficiency in riboflavin called?
Ariboflavinosis. Includes symptoms like glossitis, cheilosis, skin rash, confusion, and headaches.
59
What are the two forms of niacin?
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
60
What are the best food sources of niacin?
Beef liver, chicken, turkey, beef, raisin bran, all bran cereals.
61
Are fruits and veggies a good source of niacin?
No.
62
What is the primary function of niacin?
Niacin is an important coenzyme for NAD and NADP, which are needed coenzymes for carb and lipid metabolism. Nicotinic acid can also be used to treat high cholesterol.
63
Niacin supplements are used to treat what? What doses have shown to be beneficial and what are signs of toxicity that people should look out for?
High cholesterol. 3mg/day have shown to reduce total serum cholesterol. Side effects of toxicity include flushing, vascular vasodilation, and possible liver toxicity.
64
What is a deficiency in niacin called?
Niacin deficiency is called Pellagra. Include the 4Ds of symptoms including dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death.
65
What are the best food sources of pantothenic acid?
Pantothenic acid is found EVERYWHERE. It is found in bran cereals, beef liver, mushrooms, sunflower seeds, yogurt.
66
What is the primary function of pantothenic acid?
Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is needed for carb, lipid, and protein metabolism. Coenzyme A is needed for carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions.
67
What is the RDA for pantothenic acid?
5 mg for men and women
68
What is the UL of pantothenic acid?
None established
69
What is the name for a deficiency in pantothenic acid?
These are rare, so there is no name. Symptoms include headache, fatigue, impaired muscle coordination, GIT upset, and burning feet syndrome.
70
What are the best dietary sources for biotin?
Liver, eggs, peanuts, salmon, pork
71
What is the primary function of biotin?
Biotin itself is a coenzyme needed for carb, lipid, and protein metabolism. Biotin will add or remove carbon atoms acting in carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions.
72
What is a deficiency of biotin called?
There is no name since it is so rare. Symptoms include depression, hallucinations, and hair loss.
73
Why are raw eggs in the diet linked to a biotin deficiency? How many raw eggs would need to be eaten to contribute to a deficiency?
Aivin is a glycoprotein found only in raw eggs that binds to biotin and prevents its absorption in the GIT. HEAT inactive this protein. 24 raw eggs can contribute to this deficiency.
74
What is the RDA for biotin?
30 mg both men and women
75
What is the UL of biotin?
None established
76
What is the most biologically active form of niacin?
Nicotinamide
77
What are the three forms of vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.
78
What are the best dietary sources of vitamin B6?
All bran cereal, bananas, poultry, fish, meat, potatoes, spinach, red pepper, broccoli.
79
What are the primary functions of vitamin B6?
An essential component of coenzymes PLP and PMP is needed in protein metabolism. Needed in transamination and deamination reactions and homocysteine metabolism.
80
What is the name for a vitamin B6 deficiency?
This is rare, so there is no name. Symptoms include dermatitis, anaemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion.
81
What is the RDA for vitamin B6?
1.3 mg per day
OR
0.016 mg/1 gram of protein
82
What is the UL for vitamin B6?
100 mg due to its ability to be stored.
83
Why does a person with a higher protein intake have a greater need for vitamin B6?
More protein means more vitamin B6.
84
Which B vitamin is used to treat morning sickness and at what dose?
Vitamin B6 can be used to treat morning sickness at a dose of 10-25 mg/3 times/day.
85
What tissues are vitamin B6 stored in?
Liver stores 5-10% while the muscles store 90-95%.
86
You can not overdose on vitamin B6 (T/F).
FALSE! Vitamin B6 is stored and megadoses are toxic and can results in sensory nerve damage.
87
What are the two forms of folate?
Folic acid is a synthetic version.
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) is a coenzyme form of folate that participates in reactions.
88
What is the most biologically active version of folate?
Folic acid (synthetic)
89
What are the best dietary sources of folate?
Raw is better than cooked because folate is lost with heat. Leafy vegetables, papaya, legumes, and asparagus.
90
What is the primary function of folate?
Folate is an essential part of the coenzyme THFA. THFA is needed is DNA synthesis, the formation of WBC and RBC, and homocysteine metabolism.
91
What is included in a folate deficiency?
This is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies. Folate deficiency will result in megaloblastic anaemia as well as depression, dementia, and peripheral neuropathy. In pregnant women, folate deficiency can cause neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.
92
What is the RDA for folate?
400 micro grams (600 micrograms for pregnant women)
93
What is the UL for folate?
1,000 micrograms
94
Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFEs) take into account the difference in absorption between folate and folic acid. Folic acid is absorbed at 1.7 times the rate of naturally occurring folate. How is DFE calculated?
DFE= folate + (1.7 x folic acid)
95
Contrast the absorption of folate (natural) and folic acid (synthetic).
Folate is absorbed at 50% because more glutamate is removed. Folic acid is absorbed at 75%. The synthetic form is found in supplements and added to fortified cereals.
96
Jeannie is 24 years old and 8 weeks pregnant. She takes a 100-microgram supplement, eats fortified pasta and cereal (100 micrograms), and consumes 80 micrograms of naturally occurring folate. Is Jeannie meeting her folate requirements (600 micrograms)?
(100+100) x 1.7= 340 + 80= 420 micrograms. She is not meeting her folate requirements. She needs to consume 180 more micrograms to meet her goal.
97
Do cells continue to divide normally with a folate or B12 deficiency?
NO!
98
What is another name for vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
99
What are the best dietary sources of vitamin B12?
Animal foods like meat, milk, diary, poultry, fish
100
What is the main function of vitamin B12?
Vitamin B12 is essential for the function of all cells. Vitamin B12 serves as a methyl donor with specific functions in folate metabolism, homocysteine metabolism, and maintenance of myelin sheath in nerve cells.
101
What is the RDA for vitamin B12?
2.4 micrograms
102
What is the UL for vitamin B12?
None established
103
What are the signs of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
ANEMIA; megaloblastic or pernicious. Nerve damage resulting in paralysis or death.
104
Is there toxicity associated with the intake of vitamin B12?
B12 is stored in the liver but no adverse effects have been seen with over consumption.
105
What is another name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
106
What is a deficiency in vitamin C called?
Scurvy. Symptoms of scurvy include poor wound healing, pinpoint haemorrhage, bleeding gums, bruises, and depression
107
What are the best dietary sources of vitamin C?
Fresh fruits and vegetables like citrus fruits, peppers, berries, leafy greens, and fortified orange juice. Raw is best because is can be broken down by heat, light, oxygen, and alkaline conditions.
108
What are the main functions of vitamin C?
Functions in collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, and tyrosine synthesis and metabolism. It also is an antioxidant.
109
What is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor from the stomach. The production of this decreases with age and atrophic gastritis.
110
What is the RDA for vitamin C?
Males: 90 mg
Females: 75 mg
111
What is the UL for vitamin C?
2,000 mg
112
How much additional vitamin C should cigarette smokers consume?
35 mg/day
113
What are the three populations at risk for a vitamin B12 deficiency? Why do these groups have increased risk?
Vegans: no intake of animal products which is the main source of B12
Elderly: low intrinsic factor
Gastric bypass: limited stomach size for intrinsic factor secretion
Antiacid use.
114
What are the 4Hs of Scurvy symptoms?
Hemorrhagic signs, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, hypochondriasis, and haematological abnormalities.
115
Would you recommend supplementing with vitamin C for a common cold? Why or why not?
Research says 1,000 mg per day of vitamin C may shorten a cold by 1 day and decrease symptom severity by 25%.
116
Is toxicity with vitamin C an issue?
YES! Toxicity can result in GI discomfort, interfere with blood tests, rashes, and impaired glucose tolerance test.
117
Contrast major and trace minerals.
Major minerals are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day while trace minerals are needed in amounts less than 100mg/day.
118
What are the major minerals (7)?
Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur.
119
What is the most biologically active form of calcium?
Calcium carbonate
120
What are the best dietary sources of calcium?
Milk products, fortified cereal and OJ
121
What is the main function of calcium?
Aids in maintaining bone health, muscle contraction, and nerve impulse transition.
122
What is a long-term deficiency of calcium develop into?
Osteoporosis
123
What are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?
Modifiable: anorexia nervosa, low estrogen levels, eating inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, antiseizure drugs, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Non-modifiable: female, old age, white or Asian ancestor, family history of osteoporosis, small body frame.
124
What factors increase calcium absorption?
Vitamin D (calcitriol), stomach acid, and lactose (in infants only)
125
What factors decrease calcium absorption?
Vitamin D deficiency, reduced stomach acid secretion, phytic and oxalic acid intake (found in legumes), high fiber intake, high phosphorus intake, chronic diarrhoea, and fat malabsorption.
126
How do dietary sources of calcium differ?
Thinks like cauliflower are absorbed at rates of 50% while milk is around 30%, almonds around 20% and spinach less than 5% is absorbed.
127
How do we measure bone mineral density?
DXA Scan
128
What is the RDA for calcium?
Male and female 19-50 yrs: 1,000 mg
Males and females older than 71: 1,200 mg
Males 51-70 yrs: 1,000mg
Females 51-70 yrs: 1,200 mg
129
What is the UL of calcium?
2,000 TO 2,500 mg
130
What is the most biologically active form of chromium?
Cr3+ known as trivalent chromium.
131
What are the best dietary sources of chromium?
Brocolli, whole grains, yeast, spices (depends on soil content)
132
What are the primary functions of chromium?
It is apart of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF), which is needed to control blood glucose levels. It initiates the disulfide bridging between insulin and its receptor.
133
What happens if someone is deficient in chromium?
Impaired glucose tolerance and elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
134
What is the RDA for chromium?
Males: 35 micrograms/day
Females: 25 micrograms/day
135
What are the best sources of selenium in the diet?
Brazil nuts! Seafood, meats, oysters, poultry, eggs, nuts, and whole grains
136
What are the primary functions of selenium?
Functions as several enzymes called selenoproteins, antioxidant function, and proper functioning of the thyroid hormones, immune function, reproduction, and DNA synthesis.
137
What is a deficiency in selenium called?
KESHAN DISEASE: heart enlargement and poor blood flow as a result.
138
What is the RDA for selenium?
55 micrograms both males and females
139
What is the UL for selenium?
400 micrograms
140
What is a selenium toxicity called?
Selenosis: includes nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hair and nail loss, garlic breath
141
What are the best dietary sources of zinc?
Oysters, red meat, poultry, and fortified grains
142
What are the primary functions of zinc?
Helps make DNA and RNA, manufactures heme for hemoglobin, participates in essential fatty acid synthesis, makes proteins, disposes of damaging free radicals, and immune function.
143
What is the RDA for zinc?
Males: 11 mg/day
Females: 8mg/day
144
What is the UL for zinc?
40 mg/day
145
What is characterized by a zinc deficiency?
Poor appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, skin rash, poor wound healing, impaired taste and mental status. Extreme is dwarfism
146
Selenium is a part of what natural enzyme system?
Selenoproteins (like glutathione peroxidase
147
What is the most important form of chromium from a dietary standpoint and how is it connected to glucose homeostasis?
Most important form is Cr3+ also called trivalent chromium.
148
Zinc is important for what large class of enzymes?
Metalloenzymes. Sulfur-proteins that bind metals like zinc and holds them in storage until needed.
