Exam 3* Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Major elements (10 elements)
A
C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe
2
Q
Complicated nutritional requirements
A
Fastidious
3
Q
Energy source: Photo
A
Light
4
Q
Energy source: Chemoorgano
A
Organic molecules
5
Q
Energy source: Chemolitho
A
Inorganic molecules
6
Q
Carbon source: Hetero
A
Organic carbons
7
Q
Carbon source: Auto
A
CO2
8
Q
Saprophytes
A
Live on dead organic matter
9
Q
Parasites
A
Live on/in host organism and obtain nutrients from host
10
Q
Obligate
A
Must live/on host
11
Q
Faculative
A
Can grow on/in or apart from host on culture media or another environment
12
Q
Autotrophs
A
13
Q
Needs for growth and metabolism (6 things)
A
- energy source (light or chemical)
- small molecules (building blocks)
- organic cofactors and vitamins
- water
- inorganic nutrients (atoms and ions)
- carbon source
14
Q
Pure culture
A
Culture created in a lab. Most microbes cannot be grown as a pure culture
15
Q
Mixed cultures
A
Different microbial species living together in communities. Predominant in nature.
16
Q
Symbiotic
A
Close nutritional relationships. Required by one or both members
17
Q
Nonsymbiotic
A
Free-living. Not required for survival
18
Q
Synergism
A
Members cooperate and share nutrients (nonsymbiotic)
19
Q
Commensalism
A
One benefits, other not harmed (symbiotic)
20
Q
Antagonism
A
Some inhibited or destroyed by others (nonsymbiotic)
21
Q
Mutualism
A
Obligatory, dependent, both members benefit (symbiotic)
22
Q
Parasitism
A
One dependent and benefits, host harmed (symbiotic)
23
Q
Direct cell count
A
Total number os cells (living and dead)
24
Q
Viable cell count
A
Actively growing/dividing microorganisms in a sample
25
Anabolic pathways require (3 things)
1. ATP
2. Reduced coenzymes
3. Precursor metabolites
26
Metabolic intermediated (catabolism) can be used as
substrated for anabolic reactions
27
Amphibolic molecules/pathways
Can function in both catabolism and anabolism (pyruvate, glucose)
28
Are fungi photosynthetic
No
29
Photosynthesis process
Reduced - CO2
Using - NADPH and ATP
Produced - carbohydrate
30
Cell size decreases
Growth rate increases
31
Surface area to volume ratio increases
Growth rate increases
32
High SA/V ratio
Small cells
33
Small SA/V ratio
Large cells
34
Lag Phase (3 things)
1. Increase cell size, not number
2. Adjust to medium
3. Synthesis of enzymes
35
Log/Exponential Phase (6 things)
1. Constant rate of reproduction
2. Most metabolically active
3. Growth rate measured
4. Generation time is constant
5. Most sensitive to antibiotics
6. Production of primary metabolites
36
Stationary Phase (3 things)
1. Waste products accumulate and nutrients are used up
2. Number new cells = number dying cells
3. Net number viable cells remains constant
37
Death Phase (3 things)
1. Number dying cells > number new cells
2. Reducing metabolic rate
3. Using lysed dead cells for nutrients
38
Primary metabolite
Made during active growth
39
Secondary metabolite
Made in late log phase and stationary phase. Dependent upon growth conditions (medium).
40
Secondary metabolite examples
Vitamins, antibiotics, steroids
41
Signal transduction
Transmits information from outside cell to inside
42
Quorum
Threshold amount
43
Quorum sensing
Sense density of population to activate genes (biofilm formation) or interfere with signaling molecules of other species
44
Toxic oxygen forms
Reactive oxygen species (free radicals that damage cell components) formed by visible light/radiation
45
Protects against free radicals
Antioxidants like vitamin C
46
Factors that influence growth (3 things)
1. Oxygen requirements
2. Atmospheric conditions
3. Environmental
47
Aerobes
Use O2 for aerobic respiration
48
Facultative Anaerobes
O2 as terminal electron acceptor when available, otherwise anaerobic respiration/fermentation
49
Microaerophiles
Low levels of O2
50
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
Do no use O2 but tolerate it
51
Obligate anaerobes
Not tolerant of O2, cannot produce O2- detoxifying enzymes
52
Major conditions that influence growth (4 things)
1. Temperature
2. Atmosphere
3. pH
4. Water availability
53
Every 10 degree increase
Double enzyme activity and metabolic growth rate
54
Enzymes are denatured at
high temperatures
55
60*C has some or no eukaryotic growth
None
56
60*C has some or no prokaryotic gorwth
Some (archaea)
57
Psychrophile
Adapted to cold, deep ocean/polar regions 0-15*C
58
Pyschotroph
Refrigerator temperature, food spoilage 20-30*C
59
Mesophile
Most food spoilage/disease causing microorganisms 18-45*C
60
Thermophile
Hot water pipes, hot springs 42-65*C
61
Hyperthermophile
Ocean hydrothermal vents, archaea, heat-stable enzymes 65-110*C
62
Does freezing kill microbes
No
63
Halotolerant
Withstand up to 10% salt concentration
64
Halophiles
Require high salt concentration
65
Extremophiles
Evolved to survive in extreme habitats of all types
66
Neutrophile
Pump out protons if acidic environment. Bring in protons if basic (alkaline) environment
67
Acidophiles
Optimal pH growth below 5.5
68
Alkaliphiles
Optimal pH growth above 8.5
69
Bacteria optimal pH
6.5-7.5
70
Fungi optimal pH
5-6
71
Staphylococcus Aureus: Domain
Bacteria (prokaryote)
72
Staphylococcus Aureus: Shape
Cocci singles of irregular clusters
73
Staphylococcus Aureus: Gram reaction
Gram positive
74
Staphylococcus Aureus: Characteristics (5 things)
1. Facultative anaerobe
2. Nonmotile
3. Form golden yellow pigment on blood agar
4. Beta-hemolytic
5. Catalase positive
75
Staphylococcus Aureus: Habitat
Respiratory tract and skin
76
Staphylococcus Aureus: Relationship
Commensal relationship, sometimes becomes pathogenic
77
Staphylococcus Aureus: Resistant to...
Methicillin-resistant
78
Staphylococcus Aureus: Diseases
- Skin infections
- Sinusitis
- Pneumonia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, sepsis
79
Bacteremia
Bacteria circulating in bloodstream (without disease symptoms)
80
Sepsis
Illness causes by infectious agents or products circulating in bloodstream (cause inflammatory response)
81
Staphylococcus Aureus: Treatment
Penicillin (widespread resistant)
82
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Domain
Bacteria (prokaryote)
83
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Shape
Rod.coccobacillus
84
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Motile
Polar monotrichous flagellum
85
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Gram reaction
Gram negative
86
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Characteristics (7 things)
1. Aerobe (except in nitrate - facultative anaerobe)
2. Does not ferment
3. Diffusible pigments on agar-solidified growth media
4. Beta-hemolytic on sheep blood agar
5. Some produce odors (grape pop)
6. Opportunistic pathogen
7. Produce biofilms - grow on medical devices
87
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Habitat
Soil, water, plants, human, animals
88
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Diseases
UTI, skin infection, pneumonia, lung infections in CF patients, wound infections
89
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Treatment
No vaccine
90
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Infection control (3 things)
1. clean and disinfect wet areas
2. hand washing
3. patient isolation
