Exam 3 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Aversive control is divided into two general categories
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Punishment involves 3 things
1) A response-consequence contingency
2) An effect
3) The process
Positive
Behavior results in presentation/addition of a stimulus
Negative
Behavior results in the termination/ reduction/subtraction of a stimulus
Contingency involves what two things?
Positive and negative
What is the effect of punishment?
Decreased probability of behavior
What is the process?
effect occurs because of the contingency
Positive Punishment
Aversive stimulus presented contingent upon behavior
Probability of behavior decreases
Negative Reinforcement
Aversive stimulus is removed contingent upon behavior
Probability of behavior increases
What punishment associated with?
cruelty and tyranny, and with a host of psychological problems (e.g., fear, anxiety, helplessness).
When is the punishment most effective?
if it is delivered contingently upon the behavior
What type of schedule is the most effective for suppressing behavior?
Continuous schedule (CRF), when it is delivered for each and every instance of behavior
When is the effectiveness of punishment reduced?
If it is delivered on an intermittent schedule
What are the four variables affecting punishment?
Contingency, schedule of punishment, continuity, intensity
What were the two variables in the Pietras study?
Frequency of punishment and strength of the contingency
What were the two things being compared in the Pietras study?
Response-dependent vs Response-independent
Which one suppresses more in the Pietras study?
Response-dependent point loss
When is a punishment most effective? (time-wise)
When it is delivered immediately following the behavior
What type of punishments are effective?
More intense punishers
What does punishment involve between reinforcement and punishment?
Conflict
What are the three reinforcement variables affecting punishment?
Establishing operations, reinforcement schedule, and alternative sources of reinforcement
What is establishing operations?
That is, the stronger the reinforcer, the harder the behavior is to punish
A higher reinforcement rate means what two things?
Punishment is less effective
More frequently reinforced behavior is harder to punish
A lower reinforcement rate means what two things?
Punishment is more effective
Less frequently reinforced behavior is easier to punish
