EXAM 3 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What is the range for a visible wavelength of light?
A
380-800NM
2
Q
The transparent outer coat of the front of the eye.
A
Cornea
3
Q
A flexible tissue that allows us to focus on objects at different distances
A
Lens
4
Q
The structure that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. It is a band of circular pigmented muscles.
A
Iris
5
Q
The point in the brain where axons from the retina cross over to the other side of the brain.
A
The optic chiasm
6
Q
Another name for rods and cones.
A
Photorecptors
7
Q
The location of rods and cones
A
back of the retina
8
Q
Photopigment utilized by rods; 3 varities
A
rhodopsin
9
Q
Photopigment utilized by cones; 3 varities
A
lodopsin
10
Q
Photorecepters that provide high visual acuity.
A
cones
11
Q
The location of the best visual acuity and the place of central focus on the retina.
A
Fovea
12
Q
The cells of the visual system in which action potentials fire.
A
ganglion cells
13
Q
This spot marks the complete lack of photoreceptors.
A
blindspots
14
Q
System specialized for fine detail and color. Cells are smaller and color-opponent. Maximal color distinction depends on maximal stimulation. Primarily contributes to the ventral stream.
A
Parvocellular System
15
Q
System specialized for responding to brightness contrast, depth perception and movement. Originates from ganglion cells with large, brightness-opponent circular receptive fields. Primarily contributes to the Dorsal Stream.
A
Magnocellular System
16
Q
Problems identifying an object.
A
Damage to the Ventral Stream,
17
Q
Problems reaching out to take hold of an object.
A
Damage to the Dorsal Stream,
18
Q
The deficit caused by impairment of a visual processing area.
A
Agnosia
19
Q
The inability to recognize familiar faces
A
Prosopagnosia
20
Q
This type of sight involves information passing through the superior colliculus directly to the cortex without registering through the normal visual pathway.
A
Blind Sight
21
Q
The ability to perceive than an object is the same color despite different lighting conditions.
A
Color Constancy
22
Q
The loss of ability to perceive color due to brain damage.
A
Color Agnosia
23
Q
The first place action potentials fire in the visual system.
A
Ganglion Cells
24
Q
Photoreceptors make in-line synaptic contact with these cells
A
Bipolar Cells
25
A retinal cell that helps combine inputs from adjacent ganglion cells
Amacrine cell
26
Prism studies led Newton to propose that white light was composed of 7 fundamental colors. He was later proven wrong by which theory?
→ Young-Hemholtz Theory,
27
This theory has difficulty explaining why yellow is perceived as a primary color and the negative color aftereffect.
→ Trichromatic Theory,
28
The theory that states 3 color receptors respond in an opponent-process fashion.
→ Hurvich and Jameson
29
Evidence of this theory occurs at the level of the cones.
→ Trichromatic Theory,
30
Evidence of this theory occurs at the level of the ganglion cells
→ Opponent Process Theory,
31
Color response curves, overlapped responses of all three cone types and the discovery of color-opponent cells in monkeys provide evidence for this theory.
→ Combined color theory of color vision.,
32
This theory postulates that the visual system performs a Fourier frequency analysis of the brightness variations in a scene and not just to detect edges.
→ Spatial Frequency Theory
33
Characterizes the diseased brain of an Alzheimer's patient.
→ Clumps of amyloid plaque protein and neurofibrillary tangles
34
The part of the neuron at which clumps of beta amyloid cluster.
→ axon terminals,
35
The hippocampus is cut off from the rest of the brain when Alzheimer's disease destroys part of these lobes.
→ temporal,
36
A decrease in attention shown by Alzheimer's patients is due to brain damage in these lobes
→ frontal,
37
In evaluating the development of plaque formation and neurofibrillary tangles, which is believed to be the precursor.
→ plaque formation,
38
Alzheimer's disease is associated with a lack of this key neurotransmitter important for memory processes.
→ Acetylcholine,
39
If this disease symptom can be diminished, the progression of Alzheimer's disease can be reduced 90%.
→ neurofibrillary tangles,
40
The idea that lifelong learning can make an individual resistant to the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease is the basis of this hypothesis.
→ Reserve
41
The formation of permanent Memories.
→ Consolidation,
42
The process of accessing stored memories
→ Retrieval,
43
A temporary register for information while it is being used. It is least crucial in remembering familiar faces.
→ Working Memory,
44
The type of memory that helps you get to class every day even if you can't remember the building name or room number.
→ Nondeclarative Memory,
45
Memory deficits involving facts.
→ Declarative Memory,
46
The processing of putting long-term memories back into storage after retrieval
→ Reconsolidation
47
The cause of Korsakoff's syndrome.
→ chronic alcoholism-produced thiamine deficiency
48
Characteristic symptom(s) of Korsakoff's syndrome
→ Anterograde and retrograde amnesia,
49
The best therapy for beginning stages of Korsakoff's syndrome.
→ Thiamine
50
This symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome resembles story-telling but is really a consequence of memory loss.
→ confabulation
51
If you are looking for something moving in your darkened bedroom at night, you are most likely to see it_________________ and it will be ______________.
on the edges of your visual field; an object in shades of gray
52
When Chris needed to see the fine print, he knew to look at the document straight on using his foveal vision; the fovea gives us our highest visual acuity because
a. the fovea is a 'rod-only' zone
b. the fovea has cones with dedicated ganglion cells
c. the fovea does not have bipolar cells
d. the fovea has rods which share many ganglion cells
the fovea has cones with dedicated ganglion cells
53
We have blurry vision when we look out of the corner of our eyes because the peripheral retina
a. contains cones
b. has receptors that number many to only a few ganglion cells
c. has smaller receptive fields
d. has receptors which synapse on far more ganglion cells
has receptors that number many to only a few ganglion cells
54
The cell membranes of photoreceptors contain sodium and calcium channels that are normally
a. open
b. closed
c. depolarized
d. hyperpolarized
Open
55
When light hits photoreceptors, the photoreceptors _____________________, and the bipolar cells ______________.
release less NT; release more NT
56
Which of the following is a main difference between the receptive fields of ganglion cells and the receptive fields of cortical cells?
a. Those of ganglion cells are arranged side by side, while those of cortical cells have a circular arrangement.
b. Those of ganglion cells have a circular arrangement, while those of cortical cells are arranged side by side.
c. Those of ganglion cells detect bars of light, while those of cortical cells detect spots of light.
d. None of these.
Those of ganglion cells have a circular arrangement, while those of cortical cells are arranged side by side
57
All of the following are possible ways for learning to become compromised EXCEPT
a. damage to brain structures
b. aging
c. long term potentiation
d. brain disorders
Long term potentiation
58
Damage to which area is most likely to producw anterograde amnesia?
Hippocampus
59
Neurofibrillary tangles are associated with
death of brain cells
60
Which of the following environmental factors triggers activity in beta amyloids and increases the occurrence of Alzheimer's 5- to 10-fold?
bacterial infections
61
What is considered to be a main factor influencing changes in the risk of Alzheimer's in countries such as the US and the UK?
increasing education levels
62
How do three of the five approved drug treatments for Alzheimer's in the US work to restore acetylcholine transmission?
They interfere with the enzyme that breaks down the NT at the synapse.
63
Patient H.M.'s brain surgery resulted in which of the following deficits:
the ability to encode new declarative memories
64
ReConsolidation of memory refers to
restoring memories to long term storage after they have been retrieved
65
Which memory system provides a very brief, temporary register for information while it is being used?
working memory
66
Research concludes that the hippocampus plays a time-limited role in
consolidation and retrieval
67
Blocking receptors for this neurotransmitter shortly after learning has taken place impairs consolidation and memory.
dopamine
68
Memory consolidation requires sufficient amounts of which neurotransmitter:
dopamine
69
The reason that hippocampus damage can interfere with forming new memories and yet not alter childhood memories is
these types of memories are located in different cortical areas of the brain
70
Near which of the following brain areas is memory for language stored?
Broca's area
71
Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in which of the following lobes?
temporal lobes
72
Which two areas of the brain are activated when we identify pictures of tools from memory?
hand motor area and left temporal lobe
73
Your grandmother unfortunately had a stroke over the weekend. You take her to the doctor, and the doctor says to expect some declarative memory loss. What will your grandmother have problems with?
memory for facts
74
This is the process of forming new memories where each new memory is integrated into our existing body of knowledge.
encoding
75
Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to
nondeclarative memory
76
The amygdala contributes to learning by strengthening declarative memories about emotional events involving
all are strengthened, provided there is an emotional component
77
Anterograde amnesia is an inability to
form new memories
78
Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?
prefrontal cortex
79
What do you think is meant by "plasticity" in the brain?
structural changes in the connection between neurons
80
Which of the following statements is true about Long-term potentiation:
synapses strengthen following repeated stimulation
81
Long-term depression is a decrease in the potency of a synapse when
presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons are not depolarized at the same time.
82
When a weak synapse and a strong synapse undergo excitatory stimulation concurrently, this process occurs.
associative long-term potentiation
83
About 45 to 60 minutes after LTP, all of the following occur among dendritic spines EXCEPT
pruning of those that were not used in the process
84
Retrograde amnesia is an inability to
remember events prior to the impairment
85
The process of extinction involves
new learning
86
For memory to be an efficient cognitive ability, there needs to be
a balance between remembering and forgetting
87
When a memory is recalled, it becomes vulnerable again. This is because it must be
Reconsolidated
88
Pain receptors communicate pain to the spinal cord which continues to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. What type of axons communicate sharp pain which signals life/death attention?
myelinated A-delta axons
89
Auto-immune diseases are diseases in which the body's immune system attacks itself. Which of the following is NOT an auto-immune disease?
Huntington's Disease
90
Which of the following factors affect sensitivity level in a particular part of the body?
receptor density
91
Equilibrioception is mediated by the vestibular organs and this sense helps us maintain balance. Which one of the following organs are not part of this system.
Eustachian tube
92
Pain in skin, muscles and joints is called _____________pain; while pain in internal organs is called ________________pain.
somatic, visceral
93
With respect to Body Sensations, what do free nerve endings detect?
temperature and pain
94
The amount of somatosensory cortex devoted to any given body region is proportional to
how richly innervated with nerves that region is
95
When is pain classified as a disease?
a. When it's chronic
b.10-15% of the time
c. When pain exists in the absence of known cause
d. all the above
All the above
96
What is the neurochemical that relieves pain naturally, binding to opioid receptors?
a. adenosine
b. endorphin
c. serotonin
d. glutamate
Endorphin
97
These are neuronal networks in the brain or spinal cord that produce a rhythmic motor activity such as walking or breathing.
a. Central Pattern Generators
b. Spinal Reflexes
c. Golgi Tendon Organs
d. monosynaptic reflexes
Central Pattern Generators
98
This neuromuscular degenerative disease is characterized by deterioration of the substantia nigra which provides dopamine to the striatum and basal ganglia.
a. Huntington's Disease
b. ALS Disease
c. Parkinson's Disease
d. Myasthenia Gravis
Parkinson's Disease
99
Dr. Amen discusses 4 primary immune system functions. Two of them involve tolerance, both against the external environment and against the internal environment. What word describes the other internal and external function.
Defense
100
(Amen) Your vulnerability to illness depends on which of the following factors:
a. strength of your immune system
b. level of exposure
c. stress
d. daily habits
e. all the above
All the above
101
(Amen) How can you avoid contracting toxoplasmosis?
a. Feed your house pets only fresh, uncooked meats and vegetables.
b. Get your milk straight from the cow.
c. Always wear gloves when handling soil and wash hands thoroughly afterwards.
d. Clean your cat's litterbox once a week.
Always wear gloves when handling soil and wash hands thoroughly afterwards.
102
What does Dr. Amen classify as the "immunity vitamin"?
Vitamin D
103
According to Dr. Amen, which of the following neurohormones influence brain/mental health?
a. thyroid
b. Cortisol
c. Orexin
d. Insulin
e. a, b, d
f. all the above
g. a, c and d
a, b, d
104
(Amen) These symptoms are indicative of which condition?
low bone density, lack of motivation, difficulty concentrating, hair loss
Low Testosterone
105
(Amen) Which of the following conditions are rarely considered as a cause of hormone disruption?
Head Trauma
106
Which of the following habits does Dr. Amen advise you avoid if you want to pay attention to Neurohormone issues?
a. yearly hormone testing
b. Running will be my exercise of choice
c. Add fiber to my diet
d. Avoid animal proteins from animals raised with hormones or antibiotic
Running will be my exercise of choice
107
Finish this quote in Amen's chapter on diabesity that was taken from a study by Raji et al.
"As your weight goes up, ________________________"
the size and function of the brain go down.
108
(Amen) What can you eliminate from your diet that could help regulate your body's production of insulin, stabilize blood sugar levels and facilitate the fat breakdown process?
Sugar and other refined carbohydrates
109
A thought system that includes, "Everything in moderation,", "live a little; you deserve it.", "I just want to have fun,", "I want what I want when I want it,", and "But I always do it this way." is labeled as what by Dr. Amen?
mind-set of diabesity
110
What common baking spice does Amen say has been shown to lower fasting flucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity?
Cinnamon
111
(Amen) What should you eliminate from your diet to help stabilize blood sugar levels, facilitate the fat breakdown process and control insulin production?
sugar and other refined carbohydrates
112
(Amen) If you leave this medical condition untreated, you triple your risk of depression and dementia, and losing weight will be harder to achieve. You also kill brain cells.
Sleep Apnea
113
Getting less than seven hours of sleep for adults and eight hours for teens is labeled as what?
Cronic Insomnia
114
Identify a brain-healthy sleep habit.
a. Drink a rewarding cup of coffee or hot chocolate before turning in.
b. Choose to work a night shift.
c. exercise after dinner
d. Make your bedroom cool, dark and quiet.
e. grab a comfort snack close to bedtime.
Make your bedroom cool, dark, quiet
115
According to Dr. Amen, which of the following nutraceuticals/neurochemicals should be avoided to achieve quality sleep?
a. GABA
b. dopamine
c. 5-HT
d. Melatonin
e. Magnesium citrate
Dopamine
116
Prevention of poor mental health starts with which of the following according to Dr. Amen?
Knowing your important health numbers (BMI, BP, Cholesterol, CBC, and the like)
117
Which of the following statements is NOT a negative factor about mind medications?
a. They have significantly more side effects than nutraceuticals.
b. They can provide an excuse for someone to be lazy and rely on the drug rather than choosing harder, but better options.
c. They are usually paid for by insurance.
d. Withdrawal can be difficult.
They are usually paid for by insurance
118
What is Dr. Amen opposed to as the first type of treatment in the majority of cases?
medication as the first and only treatment
119
(Amen)
Which of the following statements is not a CON (vs. PRO) of choosing nutraceuticals over medication?
They generally have dramatically fewer side effects than most prescription medications.
120
In treatment recommendations for his patients, Amen Clinics work in accordance with which of the following principles?
a. Use the least toxic, most effective, science-based treatments
b. Don't start something a patient will have a hard time stopping as a short term anxiety fix.
c. Fix the problem at hand and deal with complications later.
d. all the above
e. a and b.
a and b
121
For treating Schizophrenia, true bipolar disorder and other psychoses, Dr. Amen recommends getting the process under control by doing what first?
start appropriate medications
122
For disorders such as ADD/ADHD, anxiety, depression, insomnia and addictions, Dr. Amen prefers to start treatment with ______________________ and follow with medication of these initial treatments are ineffective.
a. Nutraceuticals
b. Attack Bright Minds risk factors
c. eliminate artificial dyes, preservatives and sweeteners from diet
d. all the above
all the above
123
Proprioception gives us information about
the position and movement of our limbs and body
124
Cells in the premotor cortex would be particularly involved when you
a. remember a visual stimulus during a delay period
b. catch a fly ball
c. start to play a series of notes on the piano
d. execute a movement
catch a fly ball
125
The primary motor cortex is most involved in
executing movements
126
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum produce
a. no movements
b. movements requiring extra force
c. reflexive movements
d. sequences of movements
no movements
127
The skin senses include
touch, warmth, cold, pain
128
Sharp pain and dull pain are due primarily to
pain neurons which different characteristics
129
Research suggests phantom pain is due to
neural reorganization in the somatosensory area.
130
If the nerves providing sensory feedback from the legs were cut, we would
have trouble standing upright
131
Errors of perception (otherwise referred to as phenomena of illusions) can be the result of
a. myopia
b. color-blindness
c. knowledge being inappropriately applied In the cognitive process of vision
d. inflexibility of the lens
knowledge being inappropriately applied in the cognitive process of vision
132
According to Gregory, perception depends on which of the following (more than one answer is possible):
a. past experience
b. ancestral (prehuman) experience
c. recognition of the present
d. imagination
Past experience, ancestral experience, recognition of the present
133
Anterograde amnesia means that the patient has trouble remembering events that occurred when?
since the brain damage
134
The aged brain is characterized by substantial ____________throughout the cortex.
a. loss of neurons
b. loss of synapses
c. decrease in metabolism
d. all the above
e. none of the above
none of the above
135
If you are positive you know who the 14th president of the United States is, but cannot remember at this very moment, you are having a problem with which of the following?
a. consolidation
b. retrieval
c. amnesia
d. dementia
retrieval
136
In the course of paying for a pizza delivery, you go to the kitchen to get cash and forget how much you are supposed to get. This suggests you are having a problem with what kind of memory?
Working Memory
137
Synaptic changes during learning involve which of the following:
a. activation of proteins
b. increased number of dendritic spines
c. increased number of receptors
d. all the above
All the above
138
Memories are vulnerable to the insertion of "false facts" through suggestions or ideas that fill in the gaps. This usually occurs during the process of
reconsolidation
139
According to the spatial frequency theory of visual processing, edges are detected by
cells that respond to high spatial frequencies
140
Studies of object, color, and movement agnosias indicate that
components of the visual image are processed separately
141
Movement perception is the primary function in which visual area?
V5
142
A person who has trouble identifying objects visually probably has damage in which lobe of the brain?
temporal lobe
143
Mixing red and green lights produces a sensation of yellow because red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones
excite yellow/blue ganglion cells
144
If our experience of color were entirely due to the wavelength of light reflected from an object, we would not experience
The color yellow
145
The parvocellular system is specialized for
color and fine detail
146
What would be the effect on vision if there was a problem with your horizontal cells?
impaired edge detection in the Mach band illusion
147
People with red-green color blindness
have overlapping red and green cone sensitivities resulting in color confusion across the spectrum
148
A light edge has enhanced apparent brightness next to a dark edge because the neurons stimulated by the light edge are inhibited
less by their "dark" neighbors
149
The ability of complex visual cortical cells to track an edge as it changes position appears to be due to
input from simple cells with similar fields
150
Depth perception contributes to this. It is first detected in the visual cortex.
Retinal Disparity
151
These prosthetic devices stimulate ganglion cells.
Retinal implants
152
the wavelength of light is most closely associated with the perception of this
color
