Exam 3 Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
not born with it
A
acquired
2
Q
born with it
A
congenital
3
Q
Not degenerative
A
aphasia
4
Q
degenerative
A
dementia
5
Q
generally have problems with language
A
aphasia
6
Q
generally have problems with memory
A
dementia
7
Q
talk, understand, and repeat well
A
anomic aphasia
8
Q
only problem is anomia
A
anomic aphasia
9
Q
echolalia
A
transcortical mixed aphasia
10
Q
most severe type of aphasia
A
global
11
Q
all transcorticals and anomic:
A
repeat better
12
Q
blow from an external force
A
traumatic brain injury
13
Q
skull not penetrated
A
closed head injury
14
Q
skull penetrated
A
open head injury
15
Q
non-traumatic brain injury
A
caused by strokes, encephalopathies, toxins, or tumors
16
Q
brain does not get enough oxygenated blood
A
stroke
17
Q
characteristics very similar to injuries by a blow from an external force
A
non-traumatic brain injury
18
Q
likelihood of sustaining a TBI
A
males are 2x as likely as females
19
Q
% of population with TBI
A
50% over age 18
50% under age 18
20
Q
cause of TBI: < 5 yo
A
falls
21
Q
cause of TBI: infants
A
shaken baby syndrome
22
Q
cause of TBI: >65 yo
A
falls
23
Q
vehicle accidents combined account for _______% of injuries
A
46
24
Q
also plays a factor in TBI causes
A
drugs and alcohol
25
brain weight
2-3 lbs
26
brain consistency
jello/soft-boiled egg
27
focal injuries
primary impact - where the brain hits the skull; then skull is thrown front to back
28
axonal damage/diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
shearing/twisting
29
shearing/twisting results in:
DIFFUSE damage at the cellular level
30
most concerned with focal or diffuse?
diffuse
31
many times, MRI/CT scans will not show
the potential damage
32
shaken-baby syndrome: focal or diffuse?
diffuse
33
concussion
Minor (mild) TBI
34
no unconsciousness
Minor (mild) TBI
35
10% have life long problems
Minor (mild) TBI
36
motor
anterior
37
sensory
posterior
38
nausea, headaches, confusion, learning problems
Minor (mild) TBI
39
problems with employment and social interaction
Minor (mild) TBI
40
a period of unconsciousness (>30 minutes to 24 hours)
Moderate TBI
41
33% have life-long problems
Moderate TBI
42
more motor problems
Moderate TBI
43
more difficulty with cognitive communicative impairments
Moderate TBI
44
coma > 6 hours
severe TBI
45
severe motor problems
severe TBI
46
75% have life-long impairment
severe TBI
47
medical problems associated with TBI
seizures
orthopedic problems
bowl/bladder control - incontinence
sensory problems - hearing, vision, etc.
48
physical problems associated with TBI
can be mild (paresis = weakness) to serious (paralyzed/plegia)
watch from balance, strength, and coordination problems
49
perceptual-motor problems associated with TBI
visual neglect
motor apraxia-motor planning problems
50
cognitive-communication problems associated with TBI
dysarthria/apraxia of speech
tangential speech
confabulations
hyperverbosity
problems in writing, language, articulation, abstraction, reading comprehension
anomia
memory/attention/concentration problems
poor-problem solving
problems in executive functioning
egocentric thinking
51
tangential speech
taking multiple tangents
52
confabulations
says false statements, but does not know its false
53
hyperverbosity
too much talking
54
anomia
word finding problems (AKA dysnomia)
55
dysexecutive syndrome
problems in executive functioning
56
behavior problems associated with TBI
poor judgment/motivation
apathy, lethargy
emotional lability
impulsivity
disinhibition, anger outbursts
57
social problems associated with TBI
often the biggest concern
withdraw
easily distracted/influenced
bossy/argumentative
misperceive social actions and events
poor responsibility/dependency
loneliness/stubbornness
mood changes
perseveration
sexually inappropriate behavior
reluctance to see assistance
58
proactive intervention for TBI
look at what is ahead
determine obstacles/challenges they will confront
plan viable solutions for those problems
exercise creativity, ingenuity, and flexibility
involve key people
use many of the strategies used for LLD/DLD and ADHD
59
denial of injury
symptom of frontal lobe injury
60
strokes and aphasias
non-traumatic brain injuries
61
two types of strokes
ischemic
hemorrhagic
62
ischemic stroke
AKA occlusive
deficiency of blood
caused by blockage or constriction usually from within an artery
63
sticks to side of artery wall, does NOT move
thrombus
64
moves within arteries
embolus
65
hemorrhagic stroke
blood escaping into brain tissue
66
strokes can occur
anywhere in the brain or skull
67
knowing where a stroke happened can
give you clues about what problems the person may have following the stroke
68
damage to the left hemisphere/cortex
aphasia
69
damage to the right hemisphere/cortex
right-hemisphere syndrome/disorder
70
damage to the front of the brain
motor problems (output/expressive)
71
damage to the back of the brain
sensory problems (input/receptive)
72
frontal lobe
front of the brain
73
temporal and/or parietal lobes
back of the brain
74
fluent aphasia
receptive aphasia/sensory aphasia
75
Wernicke's aphasia
posterior of temporal lobe
receptive
76
damage behind or below Wernicke's
transcortical sensory aphasia
77
occur with lesions in the posterior portions of the left hemisphere (temporal lobe)
Wernicke's & Transcortical Sensory Aphasias
78
relatively fluent speech
poor auditory comprehension
POOR repetition
Wernicke's aphasia
79
relatively fluent speech
poor auditory comprehension
relatively GOOD repetition
Transcortical Sensory aphasia
80
arcuate fasciculus
connects Broca's & Wernicke's
81
conduction aphasia
receptive
82
occurs with a lesion in the areas that connect the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex
conduction aphasia
83
relatively good/fluent speech
good auditory comprehension
poor repetition
Conduction aphasia
84
Anomic aphasia location
no specific location
85
Anomic aphasia
can occur in various portions of the cortex
86
good speech
good auditory comprehension
good/decent repetition
Anomic aphasia
87
main problem is word finding problems/word retrieval problems
Anomic aphasia
88
Broca's & Wernicke's is fine, but connection is broken
Conduction aphasia
89
Nonfluent aphasia
expressive aphasia
motor aphasia
90
Broca's aphasia
expressive
damage to anterior of frontal lobe
91
damage above or in front of Broca's
Transcortical Motor aphasia
92
where does repetition happen?
between Broca's & Wernicke's
93
repeat better than TSA
Transcortical Motor aphasia
94
occurs with lesions in the anterior portions of the left hemisphere
Broca's & Transcortical Motor aphasia
95
halting, effortful speech
relatively good comprehension
relatively POOR repetition
Broca's aphasia
96
halting, effortful speech
relatively good comprehension
relatively GOOD repetition
Transcortical Motor aphasia
97
worst kind of aphasia to have
global aphasia
98
lesion covers both anterior and posterior portions of the left hemisphere
Global aphasia
99
patients have POOR everything
Global aphasia
100
Transcortical Mixed location
no site in brain
101
echolalia
Transcortical Mixed aphasia
102
very similar to global aphasia
repetition is slightly BETTER than speech production & auditory comprehension
Transcortical Mixed aphasia
103
both anterior & posterior
global aphasia
104
poor repetition
Wernicke's & Broca's
105
relatively good repetition
Transcortical Sensory & Motor
106
four main things to check when classifying aphasia by type
conversation abilities
repetition
auditory comprehension
naming abilities
107
Conversation abilities
fluent or nonfluent?
anomia?
paraphasias?
speech coherent?
108
semantic paraphasias
brother for sister
salt for pepper
yes for no
109
phonemic paraphasias
math for path
noorway for doorway
lazorblades for razorblades
110
neologistic paraphasias
hawkatoe for brother
111
nonsense word
neologistic paraphasias
112
paradont for water bottle
neologistic
113
niece for granddaughter
semantic
114
cough drop for toothpick
semantic
115
pelatant for elephant
phonemic
116
lepitopter for helicopter
phonemic
117
corn for comb
phonemic
118
naming abilities
Confrontational naming
Free recall AKA word fluency
Recognition naming
119
auditory comprehension
ask patient to Point to objects/pictures
ask patient to Follow commands
ask patient to Respond to yes/no ?s
120
repetition
ask patient to repeat items which are increasingly more difficult
consider low freq./low prob (HARDER) & high freq./high prob. items (EASIER)
121
auditory comprehension tests:
receptive language (sensory input)
122
you need ____________ memory to be able to do anything
working
123
short term memory
working memory
124
working memory examples
"repeat after me"
remembering names
finding your way around a building
125
long term memory
declarative & procedural
126
explicit memory
declarative
127
declarative memory
semantic
episodic
lexical
128
implicit memory
procedural
129
procedural memory
motor
cognitive
130
semantic memory
declarative (explicit)
facts
131
episodic memory
declarative (explicit)
semantic + context
scenes
132
lexical memory
declarative (explicit)
words
133
motor memory
procedural (implicit)
"doing"
134
cognitive memory
procedural (implicit)
"automatic thinking"
135
autobiographical memory
episodic memory
136
what memory do you have to retrieve information
episodic
137
knowing what
declarative
138
knowing how
procedural
139
most common cause of aphasia
stroke
140
most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer's
141
Global Deterioration Scale (GDS)
normal
early mild
late mild
early moderate
late moderate
early severe
late severe
142
normal AD area of language affected
none
143
early mild AD area of language affected
none
144
late mild AD area of language affected
content
145
early moderate AD area of language affected
content (& use somewhat)
146
late moderate AD area of language affected
content, form, & use
147
early severe AD area of language affected
content, form, & use
148
late severe AD area of language affected
content, form, & use
149
bed-bound
late severe AD
150
AD
Alzheimer's-Type Dementia
151
false info; not lying on purpose
confabulation
152
strongest memories between ages:
10-30 yo
153
communication goals for AD
reduce demands on episodic memory
support working memory
provide stimuli to evoke positive fact memory, emotion, & action
154
avoid recall memory situations; instead, use RECOGNITION memory situations
reduce demands on episodic memory
155
use choice questions
reduce demands on episodic memory
156
provide permanent cues for location of important things, like displaying labels, schedules, calendars, or instructions
reduce demands on episodic memory
157
recreate conditions that existed at the time of memory was made
reduce demands on episodic memory
158
reduce distractions
support working memory
159
highlight important cues; keep information visible & short. consider size and color. use mixture of upper and lower case letters. dark lettering on light background.
support working memory
160
work within the patient's memory span
support working memory
161
chunk information into smaller units
support working memory
162
use patient's strongest sensory modality
support working memory
163
write instructions and keep them visible
support working memory
164
use multi-sensory stimulation to help patients focus on important information
support working memory
165
manipulate the environment. keep the patient in a comfortable, high sensory, home-like environment and use the context for conversation
provide stimuli to evoke fact memory, emotion, & action
166
modify the clinician's language
provide stimuli to evoke fact memory, emotion, & action
167
Spaced-Retrieval Training (SRT)
1. tell the patient the associations to be made
2. engage the patient in another activity for a short time
3. ask the patient to recall the association
4. if pt. answers correct: increase time interval before asking to recall again
if pt. answers incorrect: provide correct answer
5. repeat step 2, varying time interval
6. repeat step 3
