EXAM #3 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
With reference to motor skills, the term task complexity refers to the:
A
number of components in the task
2
Q
An important benefit of the progressive-part practice method is that it:
A
Restricts attention demands on the individual during practice
3
Q
When learning an asymmetric bimanual skill where one limb performs a more difficult task, the preferred practice approach is to train:
A
the limb that performs the more difficult task
4
Q
A person who visually imagines himself/herself performing a skill from the perspective of an observer performs this type of mental practice:
A
External imagery
5
Q
Research suggests that imagery ability:
A
has a positive correlation with mental practice effectiveness
6
Q
PT for a child shouldn’t be limited to the treatment center but should be carried over to the _ since it’s not a fast process:
A
home
7
Q
A recreation therapy addresses the:
A
physical, cognitive, social and emotional needs of an individual
8
Q
Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include:
A
speed of a tennis ball during a rally
9
Q
The practice schedule that involves the lowest amount of contextual interference is the _ practice schedule:
A
blocked
10
Q
Trus/False
Research has shown that people who practice in a blocked practice schedule tend to overestimate how much they are learning during practice
A
True
11
Q
A limitation of research investigating massed vs. distributed practice is:
A
the lack of a retention or transfer test
12
Q
When massed practice hinders the learning of continuous skills, the most probable cause is:
A
fatigue
13
Q
- They are performed voluntarily
- They require movement of joints and body segments
- There is a goal to achieve
A
characteristics of skills and actions
14
Q
Which two events mark the beginning and the end of the interval known as reaction time:
A
stimulus signal and initiation of the response
15
Q
An individual capacity that underlines performance
A
ability
16
Q
Research suggest that static and dynamic balance abilities are:
A
interdependent motor abilities
17
Q
The ability to make skillful hand movements to manipulate objects is known as:
A
manual dexterity
18
Q
Areas of the cerebral cortex primarily involved in the control of movement:
A
- Primary motor cortex
- premotor area
- supplementary motor area
19
Q
True/False
Compared to static balance, dynamic balance involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not:
A
True
20
Q
The most posterior lobe of the cerebral cortex, which is especially important for visual perception, is the _ lobe
A
Occipital
21
Q
The degrees of freedom problem was first identified by:
A
Nicolai Berstein
22
Q
An important difference between the open- and closed-loop control systems is that the:
A
- Closed-loop system involves feedback
- Open-loop system does not
23
Q
_ perception is enhanced by the availability of binocular vision
A
Depth
24
Q
_ are proprioceptors located within the fibers of most skeletal muscles; they detect changes in muscle length
A
Muscle spindles
25
The three phases of prehension are called the transport phase, the grasp phase, and the:
Object manipulation phase
26
When a person walks or runs, an essential goal of the motor control system is the maintenance of head:
Stability
27
The term used to describe a bimanual coordination task that requires the two hands to simultaneously perform movements that have the same spatial and temporal characteristics is:
Symmetric
28
The term used to describe performing a skill or component of a skill without attention capacity being required is:
Automaticity
29
The duration of the "quiet eye" period tends to be _ in elite performers compared to sub-elite performers:
longer
30
If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes, you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the:
Procedural memory system
31
The most commonly accepted reason serial discrete motor skills seem to be forgotten more quickly than continuous motor skills is that serial discrete motor skills are:
Largely verbal
32
True/False
When a person is asked to recall a movement they experienced, but had not been told to remember, the memory test is assessing incidental memory:
True
33
In the motor learning research literature, which term refers to "observable behavior":
Performance
34
Use of a transfer test evaluates this performance characteristic associated with motor skill learning:
Adaptability
35
True/False
Requiring a person to perform a skill under stressful conditions, which have not been experienced during practice, is an effective way to give a retention test:
False
36
As a person learns a new skill the attention demanded by the skill will:
decrease
37
Two important criteria for determining learning when assessing the dynamics of movement coordination are the consistency and _ of the coordination patterns:
stability
38
As a person practices a skill, an important change that occurs is the capability to:
Detect and correct errors
39
An important change in muscle activity that results from practice is that the activation pattern for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs becomes more _ from trial to trial:
consistent
40
The use of a virtual reality device is a good example of transfer of learning based on which of the following explanations:
Similarity of skill or context components
41
Performance of a new experience that is hindered by experience with a previous skill is an example of _ transfer:
negative
42
True/False
Newly learned patterns of coordination can disrupt patterns that were once stable:
True
43
Verbal _ given along with demonstration can supplement the visual information and help a person better understand how to perform skills:
Cues
44
The reversion to a highly conscious form of processing when the learner is put under pressure is referred to as:
reinvestment
45
True/False
Demonstration should be the preferred method of providing information about how to perform a motor skill:
False
46
The tendency to perform movements you are intentionally trying to avoid are referred to as:
ironic effects
47
A beginner can benefit from observing another beginner practice a skill especially when the observer can:
hear the augmented feedback given to the other learner
48
If you are told "your score was 16 on that attempt," the type of augmented feedback you received is known as:
knowledge of results
49
Longer augmented feedback summaries are better for learning:
simple skills
50
Verbal knowledge of performance statements that specify what a person needs to do to correct a performance error are called _ verbal knowledge of performance statements:
prescriptive
51
True/False
A reason to give augmented feedback to a beginner learning a motor skill is to facilitate their achievement of the action goal of the skill:
True
52
The _ hypothesis proposes that augmented feedback on every practice trial has a positive effect on practice performance, but has a negative effect on learning the skill:
guidance
53
The performance of any motor skill is influenced by characteristics of:
- the performer
- the environment
- the skill itself
54
The relationship between movements and actions are:
many-to-one and one-to-many
55
What are factors that affects motor development
- aging
- physical growth
- development
56
What would be considered a performance outcome measure:
the distance a ball was kicked
57
The interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement is called:
movement time
58
The term ability refers to:
an individual capacity that underlines performance
59
How our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of motor skills:
motor control
60
What are the types of skill:
- closed
- open
- discrete
- serial
- and continuous
61
The motor unit recruitment principle shows that motor units are recruited in the following order:
from smallest to largest
62
Motor neurons are also called:
efferent neurons
63
The procedure in which a film simulation of a skilled performance is stopped and the person is asked to indicate the outcome of the performance is known as the:
temporal and occlusion procedure
64
The playing of a guitar is a good example of performing:
an asymmetric bimanual skill
65
Multiple ways to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal
degrees of freedom
66
What are the 3 primary types of proprioceptors:
1. muscle spindles
2. golgi tendon organs
4. joint receptors
67
The division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
68
What are the roles of tactile information in motor control:
- accuracy
- consistency
- timing
- and force adjustments
69
What is the primary role of the peripheral nervous system
connect the central nervous system to the organs, limbs, and skin
70
Perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body is:
proprioception
71
What are the 3 critical elements of a skill:
1. perception
2. decision
3. motor control
72
Which part of your body is the greatest concentration of skin receptors:
fingertips
73
A difference between open and closed loop systems is that:
closed-loop skills rely on feedback
74
The 2 theories of motor control are:
1. Motor program-based theory
2. Dynamical systems theory
75
A difference between an ability and a skill is that:
an ability is part of an individual's trait while a skill is learned
76
Which describes the degrees of freedom problem
how to control the degrees of freedom to make a complex system act in a specific way
77
Achieved when subsequent parts of the same movement, or the movements of several limbs or body parts are combined in a manner that is well timed, smooth, and efficient with respect to the intended goal:
coordination
78
The products and underlying processes of motor behavior changes across the life-span is:
motor development
79
Which part of the brain is responsible for different motor control functions such as balancing, coordination and sensory perception:
cerebellum
80
What part of the neuron contains the nucleus:
cell body
81
True/False
The brain stem connects the cerebellum to the spinal cord
False
82
True/False
The degrees of freedom problem was first identified by Richard Schmidt
False (Berstein)
83
True/False
Continuous skills have a definite beginning and end point:
False
84
True/False
Vision is the preferred source of sensory information
True
85
True/False
Proprioceptors are not found in your eye retina
True
86
True/False
Central vision is also known as foveal vision:
True
87
True/False
The occipital lobe is part of the brain that is responsible for visual processing:
True
88
True/False
The ability to make skillful hand movements to manipulate objects is known as manual dexterity
True
89
True/False
According to the dynamical systems theory, order parameters define, or identity, a specific movement pattern
True
90
True/False
Compared to static balance, dynamic balance involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not
True
91
What stage in the Fitts & Posner three-stage model is where the performance of the skill is automatic:
autonomous
92
The most common performance measure used for interfering the amount of time required for action preparation is:
reaction time
93
True/False
reaction time increases as complexity of the action increases
true
94
True/False
reaction time decreases when the interval between the warning and go signal is more regular
true
95
True/False
reaction time decreases with repetition
true
96
Automaticity can be defined as:
performance of a skill with little demand of attention
97
What are two performer characteristics that influence the preparation:
alertness of the performer and attention focused on the signal rather than the movement
98
What are the three models that identify and describe the stages individuals progress through as they learn a motor skill:
1. Fitts & Posner three-stage model
2. Gentile two-stage model
3. Bernstein's multi-phased description
99
Hick's law states that reaction time (RT) will increase logarithmically as the:
number of response choices increases
100
The research procedure most commonly used to investigate attention-limit issues for motor skill learning and performance is known as the:
dual-task procedure
101
The process involved when people direct attention to specific regulatory features in the environment and/or to action preparation activities is known as attention:
focus
102
What are the general performance characteristics of skill learning:
- improvement
- consistency
- stability
- persistance
- adaptability
- reduce attention demands
103
Involves activating the areas of the brain involved in color, perception, but not those involved in word encoding;
stroop effect
104
Gentile's learning stages model indicates that in the first stage of learning, the learner must learn to discriminate between which two types of environmental context conditions?
regulatory vs. non-regulatory
105
_ transfer can be expected if two tasks involve many similar stimulus components:
positive
106
What are 4 general trends in performance curves:
1. linear
2. negative
3. positive
4. ogive
107
In addition to serving as a temporary stage system, working memory also serves as a:
temporary workspace
108
Examples of possible pre-performance ritual:
- using positive self-talk and positive imagery
- tapping home plate with the bat three times before hitting
- listening to inspirational music before a game
109
In the motor learning research literature, which term refers to "observable behavior":
perfomance
110
Use of a transfer test evaluates this performance characteristic associated with motor skill learning:
adaptability
111
Another name for a filter theory is:
bottleneck theory
112
As a person learns a new skill the attention demanded by the skill will:
decrease
113
What can cause a person's attention to reach its capacity quickly:
a lot of competing information from different sources
114
Nikolai Bernstein believed in the following ideas
- learning a skill was like solving a problem
- likened skill acquisition to staging a play
- described appropriate practice as a form of repetition without repetition
115
The important criteria for determining learning when assessing the dynamics of movement coordination are consistency and _ of the coordination patterns:
stability
116
As a person practices a skill, an important change that occurs is the capacity to:
detect and correct errors
117
An important change in muscle activity that results from practice is that the activation pattern for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs become more _ from trial to trial:
consistent
118
What are 3 strategies to enhance memory performance:
1. Increasing movement meaningfulness
2. intention to remember
3. and subjective organization
119
Performance curves provide proof of:
consistency & improvement
120
The use of a virtual reality device is a good example of transfer of learning based on which of the following explanations:
similarity of skill or context components
121
_ is the task of interest in a dual-task procedure:
primary task
122
Performance of a new experience that is hindered by experience with a previous skill is an example of:
negative transfer
123
The changing of attentional focus:
attention switching
124
What are the 3 reasons to forget:
1. proactive interference
2. trace decay
3. retroactive interference
125
Transfer of learning can result in:
- positive transfer
- negative transfer
- neutral transfer
126
An example of an activity that deals with memory would be:
Simon game
127
Performer and performance changes that happen through the stages of learning
- energy expenditure
- conscious attention demands
- muscles used to complete the skill
128
A type of long-term memory that stores our general knowledge about the world based upon experience is:
semantic memory
129
Learning assessment techniques:
- dual-task procedure
- transfer tests
- observing practice performance
130
What is transfer of learning:
influence of previous experiences on learning a new skill and performing a skill in a new context
131
According to our discussion in class and our lab experience, and example of a dual-task activity is:
tossing a ball to a person while at the same time jumping over cones
132
According to our discussion in class and our lab experiences, the simon & card game concentration games would test an individual's
memory
133
True/False
When assessing a behavior, performance is an observable behavior whereas learning must be inferred from the observable behavior
True
134
True/False
Kahneman's model of attention proposes that the mental resources needed to perform activities does not come from one central pool that can vary in its capacity
False
135
True/False
When multitasking we cannot do all tasks as well as we would like
True
136
True/False
It is not possible to make an eye movement without also making a shift in attention
True
137
True/False
Attention focused on one's own movements typically leads to better skill performance than attention focused on the intended outcome of the skill:
False
138
True/False
Requiring a person to perform a skill under stressful conditions, which have not been experienced during practice, is an effective way to give a retention test:
False
139
True/False
Newly learned patterns of coordination may not disrupt patterns that were once unstable
True
140
True/False
If you have to hit a large or small target as rapidly as possible after an auditory signal, your reaction time would be faster for the large target:
True
141
True/False
An ogive performance learning curve illustrates the performance is comparable to the number of trials
false
142
True/False
Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores our general knowledge about the world based upon experiences
True
143
An instructional strategy that encourages observational learning
demonstration
144
_ leads to better learning than other instruction forms when the skill being learned requires the acquisition of a new pattern of coordination
demonstration
145
Particularly effective when the goal is to move within a certain time or in a certain rhythm
auditory modeling
146
_ rank with demonstration as a commonly used means of communicating how to perform motor skills
verbal instructions
147
Performance-related information that is added to task-intrinsic feedback
- typically comes from an outside source
-information individuals receive about performing a task during or after the performance
augmented feedback (extrinsic)
148
Types of augmented feedback (extrinsic)
- knowledge of results (KR)
- knowledge of performance (KP)
149
Type of augmented feedback:
Externally presented information about movement characteristics that lead to the performance outcome
knowledge of performance (KP)
150
Type of augmented feedback:
Externally presented information about the outcome of an attempt to perform a skill
knowledge of results (KR)
151
Refers to the variety of movement and context characteristics the learner experiences while practicing a skill
- variations of a skill and different situations of a skill that a learner will experience in practice
practice variability
152
test performance is directly related to the similarity between characteristics of the practice and test conditions
- we get better at what we specifically practice
- The more that conditions of the performance task match those that were present during practice, the greater the transfer of benefits from training to test performance
practice specificity
153
Continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion
- research has shown that it can have a positive influence on the retention of motor skills
overlearning
154
Two types of practice distribution schedules
1. massed practice
2. distributed practice
155
Type of practice distribution schedules:
- longer and fewer sessions
- none to very short between-trial tests
massed practice
156
Type of practice distribution schedules:
- Shorter and greater number of sessions
- between-trial rest intervals longer than for massed practice
distributed practice
157
Better learning results when people practice skills in more _ and _ practice sessions
frequent and shorter
158
Why are distributed practice sessions better for learning?
Three hypotheses
1. fatigue hypothesis - less exhaustion
2. cognitive effort hypothesis - decreased boredom
3. memory consolidation hypothesis - better retention
159
A practice strategy that involves practicing a skill in its entirety (as a whole)
whole practice
160
A practice strategy that involves practicing parts of a skill before practicing the whole skill
part practice
161
The decision to practice a skill as a whole or in parts can be based on the _ and _ of the skill
complexity and organization
162
If low in complexity and high in organization:
practice the whole skill
163
If high in complexity and low in organization:
practice using the part method
164
Which type of practice?
Discrete skills
- snapping your fingers, lifting a weight, throwing a ball
whole practice
165
Which type of practice?
Serial skills
- punch combo, volleyball rally, brushing teeth
part practice
166
Which type of practice?
Continuous skills
- running, swimming, diving
whole or part practice
167
Three strategies for practicing parts of a skill:
1. fractionization
2. segmentation (progressive-part strategy)
3. simplification
168
The cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements; it can take the form of:
- thinking about the cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill
- engaging in visual or kinesthetic imagery of the performance of a skill or part of a skill
mental practice
169
_ is the most common mental practice strategy for skilled athletes preparing to perform a skill
imagery
170
Pediatric therapy video:
The most effective therapy always involves _ and _ and the better the outcomes
families and care takers
171
Down syndrome - occupational therapy video:
Have to mix in fun activities along with puzzles, games, tracing, obstacle courses, spinner, and matching to keep the child _ and _
engaged and motivated
172
Day in the life of a therapeutic recreation specialist video:
- A focus on _ (practicing the drums)
- Exercises can be seen as _ and _
- Be flexible, tending to one's needs and being spontaneous
- music
- dancing and setting the table
173
Special needs orangutan's physical therapy video:
- Elouise
- plan included _, _, and _
- protected her feet and eventually allowed for her feet to be messaged
- leave it up to her if she wants to do 5-15 minutes
- allowed her to move around her enclosure better
exercise, massage work and stretching
