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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

VAS/VASO/VASCULAR

A

blood vessel

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1
Q

ANGI/ANGIO

A

blood vessel

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2
Q

CARDI/CARDIO/CARDIAC

A

heart

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3
Q

HEMA/HEMO/HEMATO

A

blood

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4
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

HEART- muscular pump, moves blood throughout body
ARTERIES- carries blood away from the heart
VEINS- carries blood towards the heart

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5
Q

MYOCARDIUM

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • thickest layer of heart tissue
  • involuntary striated muscle
  • wraps around chambers of heart
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6
Q

MEDIASTINUM

A

area in chest cavity between the right and left lungs where the heart lives

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7
Q

PERICARDIUM

A

tough fibrous sac that holds and protects the heart

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8
Q

2 LAYERS OF PERICARDIUM

A

FIBROUS- outermost layer of pericardium. tough, fibrous connective tissue. loosely attaches heart to diaphragm
SEROUS PERICARDIUM-intermost layer of pericardium
2 layers
parietal layer-outer layer of serous pericardium
visceral layer- innermost layer of serous pericardium

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9
Q

EPICARDIUM

A
  • innermost layer of serous pericardium

- adhered directly to cardiac muscle (outside of heart)

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10
Q

PERICARDIAL FLUID

A
  • between serous pericardium layers
  • provides lubrication
  • allows heart to expand and contract smoothly
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11
Q

FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

A

R AND L ATRIA- upper chambers

R AND L VENTRICLES- lower chambers

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12
Q

HEART VALVES

A

prevent blood from flowing backwards

  • between R and L atria and ventricles
  • between ventricles and major vessels leading out of ventricles
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13
Q

PARTS OF HEART VALVES

A

CUSPS- flaps that make up valves (most have 2-3)

CHORDAE TENDINAE- threadlike cords, attach free end of valve to muscle wall of ventricle

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14
Q

R. ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVE

A
  • between R atrium and R ventricle
  • 3 cusps
  • tricuspid valve
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15
Q

PULMONARY VALVE

A

-between R ventricle and pulmonary artery leading to lungs

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16
Q

LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVE

A
  • 2 cusps

- bicuspid or mitral valve

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17
Q

AORTIC VALVE

A

-between left ventricle and aorta

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18
Q

L A M B

A

L- Left
A- Atrioventricular valve
M- Mitral
B- Bicuspid

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19
Q

R A T

A

R- Right
A- Atrioventricular Valve
T- Tricuspid

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20
Q

CRANIAL VENA CAVAE/ CAUDAL VENAE CAVAE

A

-enter R atrium of heart
-bring blood from body back to heart
CRANIAL(SUPERIOR)- blood from upper body
CAUDAL(INFERIOR)- blood from lower body

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21
Q

PULMONARY ARTERY

A

-carries blood from R. ventricle to lungs

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22
Q

PULMONARY VEINS

A

carry blood from right and left lungs back to L atrium of heart

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23
Q

AORTA

A
  • carries blood from left ventricle out to rest of body

- LARGEST in the body

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24
RIGHT SIDE OF HEART
- carries blood LOW in oxygen, HIGH in carbon dioxide - receives blood from body, sends it to lungs - less muscle mass than L side
25
LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
- carries blood HIGH in oxygen, LOW in carbon dioxide - receives blood from lungs and sends it out to the body - thick and muscular!
26
CARDIAC CYCLE
-each complete beat (contraction and relaxation) of the heart 2 main components -SYSTOLE- contraction -DIASTOLE- relaxation
27
NORMAL HEART SOUNDS
LUB BUB LUB- closure of R and L AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole DUB- closure of aortic and pulmonic valves
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CARDIAC OUTPUT=
STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE stroke volume- amount of blood heart ejects with each contraction heart rate- # of times heart completes a cardiac cycle in a set amount of time (beats per minute)
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STERLING'S LAW
increased filling of heart with blood results in increased force of cardiac contraction and increased stroke volume
30
SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE
- provides impulse for heart to beat! - specialized area of cardiac muscle cells - R. atrium - pacemaker of heart - automatically generates electrical impulses
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ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE
-only route for electrical impulse to travel from atria down to ventricles
32
BUNDLE OF HIS
- after impulse reaches AV Node..travels here - specialized fibers in interventricular septum (wall between R and L ventricles) - carries impulse to bottom (apex) of heart
33
PURKINJE FIBERS
- from bundle of his to here - carry impulses up ventricular myocardium - impulse spreads from cell to cell in R and L ventricles - Ventricles then contract!!!
34
COMPLETE PATH OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSE
1. SA NODE 2. myocardial cells of R and L ATRIA 3. R and L ATRIA contract 4. AV NODE 5. BUNDLE OF HIS 6. PURKINJE FIBER
35
CAPILLARIES
- smallest vessels in the body - no smooth muscle - allows body cells to exchange nutrients, oxygen, etc., with blood cells
36
VASCULAR BLOOD FLOW
AORTA ARTERIES CRANIAL/CAUDAL VENA CAVA
37
AORTA
-leaves heart and travels through chest and abdomen
38
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES
-branch off aorta and travel toward thoracic limbs
39
CAROTID ARTERIES
branch off one or both subclavian arteries | -travels up sides of neck
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ILIAC ARTERIES
main trunk of aorta splits at hind limbs
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FEMORAL ARTERIES
pelvic limbs
42
COCCYGEAL ARTERY
emerges at caudal aorta- TAIL
43
WHERE DO YOU FEEL FOR A PULSE?
ARTERIES | -closer to heart, feel it pumping
44
WHERE DO YOU OBTAIN A BLOOD SAMPLE?
VENIPUNCTURE - Cephalic Vein of forelimb (between elbow and carpus) - Femoral Vein of hind limb (medial surface of thigh) - Saphenous Vein (lateral aspect of hindlimb, dogs) - Jugular Vein (ventral aspect of neck)
45
CATTLE VENIPUNCTURE
JUGULAR VEIN-ventral neck | COCCYGEAL VEIN- ventral tail
46
HORSES VENIPUNCTURE
JUGULAR VEIN- ventral neck
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PIGS VENIPUNCTURE
-JUGULAR VEIN -AURICULAR VEIN ear pinna, smaller samples
48
RODENT VENIPUNCTURE
COCCYGEAL VEIN | -ventral tail
49
PULMONARY
Lungs
50
RHINO
nasal passages
51
SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF RES. SYSTEM
- phonation - regulation of body temperature - regulation of acid-base balance - sense of smell
52
RES SYSTEM WORKS DIRECTLY WITH...
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
53
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
-occurs in lungs at level of alveoli
54
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
- occurs all over body | - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues of body and blood cells in capillaries
55
UPPER RES. TRACT
- Nose - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea * all air that enters and leaves lungs does via upper respiratory tract
56
NOSE
- nares - nasal passages - nasal septum
57
NASAL PASSAGES
- lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium - Cilia project from cell surfaces up into layer of mucus - extensive complex of large blood vessels present beneath nasal epithelium
58
NASAL TURBINATES
- thin | - scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium
59
FUNCTIONS OF NASAL PASSAGES
-warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air
60
HARD AND SOFT PALATES
- separate nasal passages and oral cavity - hard palate found rostrally - soft palate found caudally
61
PARANASAL SINUSES
ciliated outpouchings of nasal passages contained within certain skull bones - 2 frontal sinuses - 2 maxillary sinuses
62
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
- tube connecting pharynx with trachea - segments of cartilage - smooth muscle
63
EPIGLOTTIS
- part of larynx - leaf shaped - most rostral laryngeal cartilage - covers tracheal opening when swallowing
64
VOICE PRODUCTION (FUNCTION OF LARYNX)
- VOCAL CORDS- 2 connective tissue bands attached to arytenoid cartilages - vocal cords vibrate as air passes over them - muscles attached to arytenoid cartilages control tension of vocal cords
65
MORE FUNCTIONS OF LARYNX
- Prevention of foreign material being inhaled- fold epiglottis back over opening when swllowing - Control airflow to and from the lungs- small adjustments in size of glottis and movement of air
66
TRACHEA
- short, wide tube | - connects larynx and bronchi
67
COMPOSITION OF TRACHEA
- fibrous tissue - smooth muscle - held open by partial hyaline cartilage rings - lined with ciliated epithelium
68
BIFURCATION OF TRACHEA
-trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi that enter R and L lung
69
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
- Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveolar Ducts - Alveoli
70
BRONCHIAL TREE
- alveolar ducts end in groups of alveoli | - site of gas exchange
71
ALVEOLAR SACS
groups of alveoli
72
ALVEOLI
- external respiration - tiny, thin-walled sacs of simple squamous epithelium - surrounded by networks of capillaries - facilitates gas exchange
73
LUNGS
BASE- in caudal part of thoracic cavity -lies directly on diaphragm APEX-lies in cranial portion of thoracic cavity
74
LUNG LOBES
-pattern and # of lobes varies with different species distinguished by major branches of bronchi
75
HILIUS
- small, well-defined area on the medial side of lung | - site where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter/leave lung
76
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
-enters lungs via pulmonary artery
77
OXYGENATED BLOOD
returns to L side of heart in pulmonary veins
78
PLEURA
thin membrane lining chest cavity
79
VISCERAL PLEURA
covers lungs
80
PARIETAL PLEURA
lines chest cavity
81
DIAPHRAGM
thin sheet of skeletal muscle
82
INSPIRATION
inhilation, diaphragm allows for inhilation
83
MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLES
- Diaphragm | - External Intercostal Muscles-located in spaces between ribs
84
EXPIRATION
-exhalation
85
MAIN EXPIRATORY MUSCLES
- Internal Intercostal Muscles-located between ribs, deep to external intercostal muscles - abdominal muscles
86
ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE
- simple diffusion (gas molecules spread equally throughout) - O2 diffuses from alveolar air into blood of alveolar capillary - CO2 diffuses from alveolar capillary blood into alveolar air

Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (1 decks)

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