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A&P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neurotransmitters stay in the synapse for only a very short time, leading to a transient response in the post-synaptic cell. T/F

A

true

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2
Q

EPSPs are most commonly stimulated by the opening of a

A

non specific cation channel

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3
Q

most metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors are

A

G protein coupled receptors

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4
Q

opening a chloride channel in a cell that does not regulate chloride will

A

-cause a resting neuron to stay at the same membrane potential
-dampen an EPSP
-dampen an IPSP

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5
Q

define convergence in relation to the nervous system

A

a large number of neurons synapse onto a smaller number of neurons

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6
Q

define divergence in relation to the nervous system

A

a small number of neurons synapse onto a larger number of neurons

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7
Q

saltatory conduction is

A

the way the action potentials skip from node of raniver down the full length of the axon

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8
Q

describe spatial summation in the nervous system

A

when you get more than one post synaptic potential from multiple synapses happening at the same time, so that the effects of all synapses add together

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9
Q

describe temporal summation in the nervous system

A

one pre synaptic neurons firing and releasing neurotransmitters more than once in a short period of time , so that the post-synaptic neuron does not return to resting membrane potential

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10
Q

describe two ways of decreasing calcium entry in a presynaptic terminal to decrease neurotransmitter release

A

1 - Activation of auto-receptors: on the pre synaptic terminal by the N.T release by that terminal

2 - Activation of receptors on the terminal: for N.Ts released by axo-axonic synapses could both lead to hyper polarization of the terminal

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11
Q

what are the four ways that neurotransmitter concentrations decrease in the synapse soon after release

A
  1. diffuse out of the synapse
  2. taken up by the pre synaptic cell or astrocytes
  3. enzymatic degradation in the synapse
  4. receptor-mediated endocytosis in the post synaptic cell
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12
Q

what are the two general types of synapses and which is most common

A

electrical
chemical- most common

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13
Q

what are the two ways of increasing the rate of propagation of an action potential? which is most effective

A

1.myelination of the axon- most effective
2.increasing the diameter of the axon

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14
Q

what does EPSP stand for in neuroscience

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

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15
Q

the thicker the axon diameter

A

the slower the potassium leaks out of the cell during an action potential

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16
Q

opening a chloride channel in a cell that does not regulate chloride would

A

dampen the depolarizing effect of opening a sodium channel

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17
Q

the highest concentration of volatge-gated sodium channels is in the plasma membrane of

A

the nodes of raniver of myelinated neurons

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18
Q

action potentials during the relative refractory period

A

have a lower amplitude than action potentials fired from the resting membrane potential

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19
Q

what protein does calcium bind to in the presynaptic terminal that leads to exocytosis of neurotransmitter

A

synaptotagmin

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20
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are graded potentials. T/F

A

true

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21
Q

receptor number in the post- synaptic density is variable. T/F

A

true

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22
Q

internodal regions of myelinated neurons are

A

less leaky for potassium

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23
Q

the absolute refractory period is primarily due to the

A

voltage gated sodium channel

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24
Q

the relative refractory period is primarily due to the

A

voltage gated potassium channel

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25
Q

which type of synapses have more influence on whether or not a post synaptic cell fires an action potential

A

axosomatic

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26
Q

opening of a non-specific cation channel in a resting cell causes

A

more sodium to enter the cell than potassium to leave the cell

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27
Q

neurons carrying pain information to the CNS (nociceptor neurons) have a

A

thin axon and are unmyelinated

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28
Q

decreasing potassium permeability will cause the cell to

A

depolarize

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29
Q

a solution containing 200mM permeable solute and 300mM non-permeable solute would be

A

hyper osmotic

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30
Q

a solution containing 200mM permeable solute and 300mM non permeable solute would be

A

isotonic

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31
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system the ___ neuron is longer

A

post ganglionic

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32
Q

catecholamines

A

are taken back up by the presynaptic cell

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33
Q

serotonin is

A

taken back up by the presynaptic cell

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34
Q

the largest class of neurotransmitters is

A

the neuropeptides

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35
Q

the metabotrpoic GABA receptor links with

A

Gi proteins

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36
Q

which branch of the nervous system has pre-ganglionic neuronal cell bodies in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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37
Q

which branch of the nervous system has pre-ganglionic neuronal cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

A

the sympathetic nervous system

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38
Q

the primary neurotransmitters of the central nervous system

A

are the amino acids

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39
Q

according to lecture, long term potentiation , which is important in learning and memory, often involves

A

NMDA receptors

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40
Q

which of the following are effects of edogenous opioids

A

induce feeling of well-being and euphoria
slow down digestion
reduce awareness of painful stimuli
slow heart rate

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41
Q

the enteric nervous system controls which organ system

A

digestive system

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42
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system primarily controls which organ system

A

digestive system

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43
Q

the sympathetic nervous system primarily controls which organ system

A

cardiovascular system

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44
Q

what type of ion channel is the AMPA

A

non-specific cation channel

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45
Q

what type of ion channel is the glycine receptor

A

chloride channel

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46
Q

what kind of ion channel is the inotropic GABA receptor

A

chloride channel

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47
Q

AMPA is a receptor for which neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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48
Q

the most common drug used to treat depression, such as prozac, act thru which neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

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49
Q

what is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

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50
Q

what is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

glutamate

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51
Q

what is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

glycine

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52
Q

what amino acid is the precursor for serotonin

A

tryptophan

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53
Q

what is the name of the enzyme in the synapse that breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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54
Q

what is the abbreviation for acetylcholine

A

ACh

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55
Q

what is the abb. for serotonin that is used in the name for serotonergic receptors

A

5-HT

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56
Q

what type of receptor is the nicotinic receptor

A

ionotropic
nonspecific cation channel

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57
Q

dopamine is mainly involved in which two pathways in the brain

A

reward pathway
motor pathway

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58
Q

what are the two general types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic
muscarinic

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59
Q

what are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

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60
Q

what are the 3 types of endogenous opioids

A

beta endorphins
dynorphins
enkephalins

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61
Q

the term somatic refers to what 4 structures in the body

A

skin
skeletal muscles
bones
joints

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62
Q

which cranial nerve contain autonomic pre ganglionic neuronal axons

A

oculomotor nerve iii
facial nerve vii
glossopharyngeal nerve ix
vagus nerve x

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63
Q

list the 5 adrenergic receptors and state what type of receptor each is

A

alpha 1: adrenergic receptor-Gq PCR
alpha 2: adrenergic receptor -Gi PCR
beta 1-3: adrenergic receptor -Gs PCR

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64
Q

list the 5 muscarinic receptors and state what type of receptor each is

A

M1,M3,M5 muscarinic recept. Gq PCR
M2,M4 muscarinic recept. Gi PCR

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65
Q

most of the serotonin in the body is found in

A

the digestive tract

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66
Q

muscarinic receptors are

A

metabotrpoic receptors

67
Q

the autonomic nervous system uses____ neurons to get from the CNS to the target organ

A

2

68
Q

the NMDA receptor is

A

a calcium channel

69
Q

monoamine oxidase is involved in the deflation of

A

serotonin
epinephrine
norepinephrine

70
Q

adrenergic refers to both epinephrine and norepineprhine T/F

A

true

71
Q

a single neuron often releases more than one type of catecholamine T/F

A

false

72
Q

all efferent neurons from the CNS release acetylcholine that then binds to nicotinic receptors T/F

A

true

73
Q

a single neurons only relates one type of neurotransmitter T/F

A

false

74
Q

neuropeptides are usually not released until the presynaptic neuron fires several action potentials in quick succession T/F

A

true

75
Q

substance P enhances painful stimuli T/F

A

true

76
Q

endogenous opioids are

A

inhibitory

77
Q

the the parasympathetic nervous system the __ neurons is longer

A

preganglionic

78
Q

autonomic post ganglion neurons have ___ on their cell body and dendrites

A

nicotinic receptors

79
Q

endogenous opioids are released in

A

axo axonic synpases

80
Q

the ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system are

A

near or in the wall of the target organ

81
Q

the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system are

A

near the spinal cord

82
Q

convergence leads to ____ acuity

A

greater

83
Q

the more overlap in receptive fields, the ___ acuity

A

greater

84
Q

the receptor for sensation may be

A

either a neuron or a receptor cell

85
Q

cranisosacral refers to the

A

parasympathetic nervous system

86
Q

thoracolumbar refers to the

A

sympathetic nervous system

87
Q

which branch of the nervous system is called the rest and digest system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

88
Q

which branch of the nervous system is activated by stressful stimuli

A

sympathetic nervous system

89
Q

the information for each sensory receptor follows a specific pathway and activates a specific neuron in the cerebral cortex. this is important for the coding of _____

A

location

90
Q

target organs for the parasympathetic nervous system have

A

muscarinic receptor

91
Q

target organs for the sympathetic nervous system have

A

adrenergic receptors

92
Q

what receptor do you find on adrenal medullary cells

A

nicotinic receptors

93
Q

converting a stimulus into a signal that the central nervous system can understand is called

A

coding

94
Q

if a constant stimulus is applied, over time the frequency of action potentials decreases. This decrease in action potential frequency is known as

A

adaptation

95
Q

we are not consciously aware of a stimulus until a cell in the ______ is activated

A

cerebral cortex

96
Q

activation of the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for what

A

physical activity

97
Q

what two hormones are released by the adrenal medulla and which is related in larger amounts

A

epinephrine-80%
norepinephrine

98
Q

list the 3 primary receptors found on target organs for the parasympathetic nervous system and the effect of each

A

M2 muscarinic- slows heart rate, relaxation of smooth muscle, inhibits secretion
m3- contracts smooth muscle and stimulate secretion
m4- inhibits secretion

99
Q

list the adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1- contraction of smooth muscle
alpha 2- autoreceptor on adrenergic neurons
beta 1- increases heart rate, increases force of heart contraction
beta 2- relax smooth muscle
beta 3- thermogenesis, lipolysis, glucineogenesis

100
Q

what are the three components of a sensory system

A

receptor
neural pathway
parts of the central nervous system that process sensory information (primarily the cerebral cortex)

101
Q

describe adequate stimulus in relation to sensory systems and state why its important

A

the adequate stimulus is the type of stimulus (modality) that normally activated a receptor. This is how we code modality

102
Q

describe how a higher stimulus strength can lead to a higher frequency of action potentials

A

the stronger the stimulus the earlier in the relative refractory period you will be able to fire an action potential, so the more action potentials you can fire in a second

103
Q

what does modality refer to in sensation

A

modality is the type of stimulus

104
Q

Greater sensory neuron density leads to ____________________ sensory acuity.

A

greater

105
Q

Intensity in the sensory system is coded by

A

action potential frequency

106
Q

Which adrenergic receptor causes smooth muscle contraction?

A

alpha 1

107
Q

Most post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons release

A

norepinephrine

108
Q

The primary hormone released by the adrenal medulla is

A

epinephrine

109
Q

only first order neurons have a receptive field T/F

A

false

110
Q

both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system always have some level of activity T/F

A

true

111
Q

the blood-brain barrier controls the entry of ___ into the brain

A

water soluble substances

112
Q

pre-ganglionic neurons____ post ganglionic nerouns in the autonomic nervous system

A

stimulate

113
Q

the blood brain barrier is found

A

in the blood vessels throughout the brain

114
Q

which diencephalic region helps control the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

which adrenergic receptor has a low affinity for norepinephrine

A

Beta 2

116
Q

which branch of the nervous system tends to have finer control over individual organ systems

A

parasympathetic nervous system

117
Q

nociceptors from visceral organs and somatic organs can synapse onto the same second order neuron T/F

A

true

118
Q

mechanoreceptor pathways travel in the

A

dorsal column of the spinal cord

119
Q

nociceptor and thermoreceptor pathways travel in the

A

anterolateral column of the spinal cord

120
Q

the anterior compartment is filled with

A

aqueous humor

121
Q

the dilator papillae muscle is controlled by

A

the sympathetic nervous system or circulating epinephrine

122
Q

the sphincter pupillae muscle is controlled by

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

123
Q

in lateral inhibition for touch, interneurons between first order neurons would release

A

glycine

124
Q

a left side hemisection of the spinal cord in the neck would lead to the loss of

A

pain sensation on the right side of the body and touch sensation on the left side of the body

125
Q

what somatic sensations are rapidly adapting

A

light touch, movement across the skin, vibration

126
Q

what somatic sensation is slowly adapting

A

pressure

127
Q

a reduction in the perception of pain is known as

A

analgesia

128
Q

capsaicin can activated ____ receptors

A

heat

129
Q

changes in _____ open and close ion channels in thermoreceptors

A

membrane fluidity

130
Q

enhanced perception of pain is known as

A

hyperalgesia

131
Q

menthol can activate ______ receptors

A

cold

132
Q

pain is detected by ____ afferents

A

nociceptors

133
Q

the sensation of our posture, where our limbs are in space, and the angle of our joints is called

A

proprioception

134
Q

where are the tarsal glands located

A

eyelid

135
Q

what nerve innervated the lacrimal gland

A

facial nerve (VII)

136
Q

what do tarsal glands produce

A

a modified sebum

137
Q

what does the lacrimal gland produce

A

tears

138
Q

what is the main purpose of the cornea

A

refracts light

139
Q

what is the purpose of the pigmented retina

A

to absorb light that passes through the photoreceptor larger of the retina to prevent the scattering of light and give a clearer image

140
Q

assuming a sensory pathway has only three neurons in the series, where would you find the cell body for the third order neuron, and where would that neuron project to

A

cell body is in the thalamus, and projects to the cerebral cortex

141
Q

the afferent end of some sensory neurons are wrapped in a connective tissue capsule/ corpuscle. how do these capsule/ corpuscles work

A

a certain type of tension in the capsule will cause the connective tissue in the capsule to pull open nonspecific cation channels in the neuron leading to depolarization & increase action potential frequency

142
Q

how does drinking ethanol make people feel warm

A

it inserts into the plasma membrane of cells, making them more fluid, which leads to the opening of non-specific cation channels in heat thermoreceptors, which causes them to fire more action potentials

143
Q

list the stimuli that can active nociceptive afferents

A

excessive heat or cold
intense mechanical deformation
chemicals such as: bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine, cytokines, some neuropeptides

144
Q

what are the three purposes of tears that were mentioned in the videos

A

kill pathogens
wash away debris
prevent dehydration

145
Q

list the three layers of the eye and what can be found in each layer

A

fibrous- cornea, sclera
vascular- iris, ciliary body, choroid
nervous - retina

146
Q

what are the two main purposes of the choroid

A

absorbs excess light- same as pigmented retina
nourish the retina

147
Q

which receptor for acetylcholine is in the iris on which muscle of the iris do you find this receptor, and what is the effect of activation of this receptor on the diameter of the pupil

A

M3 muscarinic - on the sphincter pupillae causes the pupil to constrict (get smaller)

148
Q

which receptor for catecholamines is in the iris, on which muscle of the iris do you find this receptor and what is the effect of activation of this receptor on the diameter of the pupil

A

alpha 1- adrenergic - dilator pupillae causes the pupil to dilate (get bigger)

149
Q

Lateral inhibition assists in

A

determining location

150
Q

Some sensory pathways do not carry information about modality. T/F

A

true

151
Q

Skin receptors for pressure are

A

slow-adapting

152
Q

Ethanol

A

increases membrane fluidity

153
Q

Hyaluronic acid is found in

A

vitreous humor

154
Q

lateral inhibition _____ sensory acuity

A

increase

155
Q

the duration of a stimulus can be coded by

A

slow adapting neurons

156
Q

endogenous opioids are primarily released in

A

descending sensory pathways

157
Q

sensory pathways that do not code for modality would be useless to the brain T/F

A

false

158
Q

in somatic sensation pathways, ____ order neurons cross to the contralateral side of the spinal cord or brain

A

second

159
Q

the somatosensory cortex is in the ____ lobe

A

parietal

160
Q

the lacrimal gland is controlled by the

A

parasympathetic nervous system

161
Q

tears drain into the nose T/F

A

true

162
Q

the conjunctiva is usually

A

clear

163
Q

the anterior compartment of the eye between the

A

lens and the cornea

A&P (5 decks)

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