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Animal Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key organ of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart

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2
Q

How are arteries different from veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry blood to heart
OR
Arteries contain oxygenated blood, veins contain deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Gas exchange

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4
Q

Fully explain the movement of blood in the heart.

A
  1. Veins carry deoxygenated blood to right atrium
  2. Deoxygenated blood flows to right ventricle (RV)
  3. Pulmonary Trunk transports deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs
  4. Oxygenated blood is delivered to left atrium (LA)
  5. Oxygenated blood flows from LA to left ventricle (LV)
  6. Aorta transports oxygenated blood from LV to systemic organs
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5
Q

Name the structure in the right atrium that acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

A

SA node

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6
Q

What is the main factor that affects blood pressure?

A

Blood vessel diameter

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7
Q

What word is used to describe the process of DECREASING blood vessel diameter?

A

Vasoconstriction

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8
Q

What effect does vasodilation have on blood pressure?

A

blood pressure will decrease

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9
Q

Explain the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.

A

Systolic - pressure while heart is contracting
Diastolic - pressure while heart is relaxing

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10
Q

What effect does an increase in blood volume have on blood pressure?

A

Increase pressure

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11
Q

What organ is responsible for regulating blood volume?

A

kidney

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12
Q

If blood pressure gets too low due to a decrease in blood volume, what can the cardiovascular system do to temporarily fix the problem?

A

Increase heart rate

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13
Q

What type of receptors are responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

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14
Q

What term is used to describe higher than normal blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

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15
Q

What important respiratory function occurs in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

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16
Q

Which type of respiration refers to the movement of gas between air in the environment and the bloodstream?

A

External respiration

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17
Q

What does surfactant do in the alveoli?

A

Reduce surface tension

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18
Q

Explain the relevance of Dalton’s law to the respiratory system.

A

Air moves in and out of the body based on partial pressure of gases

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19
Q

Explain the relevance of boyle’s law to the respiratory system.

A

Change in chest volume causes changes in air pressure within the lungs

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20
Q

In what direction does the diaphragm move when it contracts?

A

Down

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21
Q

When the diaphragm moves upward, how does the chest cavity change in volume?

A

Decrease

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22
Q

If the chest cavity increases in volume, how does air pressure in the lungs change?

A

Decrease

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23
Q

If air pressure in the lungs decreases, where will air want to move to?

A

Into the lungs

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24
Q

What effect does absence of surfactant have on breathing difficulty?

A

Makes it more difficult

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25
Q

What is the most common waste product from cell metabolism?

A

CO2

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26
Q

Does the respiratory system help regulate blood ph and acid-base balance?

A

Yes

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27
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can bind to 1 molecule of hemoglobin?

A

4

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28
Q

What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin binds to oxygen while methemoglobin does not bind

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29
Q

Besides oxygen, name another molecule that can bind to hemoglobin.

A

CO2

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30
Q

What is the normal blood ph range in animals?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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31
Q

What effect does an increase in breathing rate have on blood ph?

A

Increases blood ph

32
Q

What does carbonic Anhydrase enzyme do?

A

Combines CO2 and water to form carbonic acid.

33
Q

Explain why holding your breath causes blood ph to become more acidic.

A

More CO2 remains in the body, more carbonic acid is formed which makes ph more acidic

34
Q

Name the section of the brain that regulates hormone secretions.

A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

Name 2 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH
LH

36
Q

Name the 2 posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)

37
Q

What does parathyroidhormone (PTH) do?

A

Increase blood calcium levels

38
Q

Which hormone from the adrenal gland is considered the stress hormone?

A

Cortisol

39
Q

What does the kidney hormone erythropoietin do?

A

Stimulates red blood cell production

40
Q

Name 1 hormone secreted by the pancreas.

A

Insulin

41
Q

Name the hormone that stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach.

A

Gastrin

42
Q

Is blood considered a tissue?

A

Yes

43
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen to tissues

44
Q

What complex protein in red blood cells has the ability to bind to oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

45
Q

What is the main function of white blood cells?

A

Fight off infections

46
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting

47
Q

Explain the difference between plasma and serum.

A

Plasma has clotting factors
Serum does not have clotting factors

48
Q

Besides water,name 2 other molecules that are found in plasma

A

Glucose
Iron

49
Q

What are the most common type of white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils

50
Q

Name the neurotransmitter that stimulates acid secretion in the stomach

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

What does the hormone “gastrin” do in the stomach?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion

52
Q

Name the hormone that inhibits acid secretion in the stomach.

A

Somatostatin

53
Q

Where does the H from HCl come from in parietal cells?

A

Breakdown of carbonic acid

54
Q

What pump/channel is used to take 3 Na out and 2 K in? It also has ATP going through it

A

Sodium-potassium pump (SPP)

55
Q

What pump/channel is used to take HCO3- out and Cl- in?

A

Anion exchanger (AE)

56
Q

What pump/channel is used to take Cl- out?

A

Chloride channel (CC)

57
Q

What pump/channel is used to take H+ out and K in? It also has ATP inside.

A

Proton pump (PP)

58
Q

What pump/channel is used to take K+ outside?

A

Potassium channel (PC)

59
Q

What molecule gets secreted into the duodenum to raise pH?

A

Bicarbonate

60
Q

Name the hormone that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate.

A

Secretin

61
Q

Name the hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes.

A

CCK

62
Q

Name the hormone that inhibits secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes.

A

Somatostatin

63
Q

Which neurotransmitter stimulates bicarbonate and pancreatic enzyme secretion?

A

Acetylcholine

64
Q

Explain how sodium diffusion affects glucose absorption.

A

Movement of glucose into cells is linked to sodium transport

65
Q

Besides glucose, what other molecules depend on sodium transport for absorption?

A

Amino acids

66
Q

Explain why fatty acid absorption occurs by simple diffusion.

A

Cell membrane is made of lipids

67
Q

Explain why microbial protein and vitamins produced in the large intestine cannot be absorbed.

A

It is past the site of absorption

68
Q

Which animal has a very big hind gut for microbial fermentation of fiber?

A

Horses

69
Q

Which special organ in ruminant animals functions as a fermentation chamber?

A

Rumen

70
Q

What molecule is used to make microbial protein in the rumen?

A

Ammonia

71
Q

Name the 3 volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in the rumen.

A

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

72
Q

How does feeding a high starch diet affect VFA production in the rumen?

A

Increases propionate, decreases acetate

73
Q

What is the cause of rumen acidosis?

A

Excess fermentation of sugars

74
Q

Name 1 VFA that can be used to make milk fat.

A

Acetate

75
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Process of creating new glucose.

76
Q

What causes ketosis in dairy cattle?

A

Production of too many ketone bodies.

Animal Physiology (4 decks)

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