Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Evolution > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Chemical formation of life from nonliving material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Charles Darwin’s “warm little pond”

A

suggested that simple inorganic molecules could be transformed into cell building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1920’s - Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

A

formalized “warm little pool”
no air so UV light and lightning were energy sources that converted atmospheric gases into biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1953: Miller-Urey Experiment

A

Tested abiogenesis from prebiotic soup.
Mixture of gases + electric current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sources of molecules in prebiotic soup

A

Meteorites w/ carbon, lipids, amino acids, nucleobases, ribose
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
interstellar ice “raining down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothetical protocell features

A
  • Control flow of nutrients across boundary layer
  • copy its genetic material
  • Divide to form daughter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

First step of compartment

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Micelle

A

self-assembling spherical-shaped grouping of amphiphilic molecules contained in a liquid
membrane could have been self-assembling fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

Idea that life was RNA-based
RNA - genetic materical AND enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Evidence for RNA world

A
  • Many enzymes are RNA based
  • DN-tides are made from RN-tides w/ removal of -OH group
  • Catylitic site of ribos are madfe of RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Negatives of RNA

A
  • Unstable bc of ribose (-O is reactive)
  • Single-stranded, might have affinity to other molecules
  • No proofreading
  • No repair mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA pros

A
  • more stable
  • lower mutation rate
  • therefore genes would get passed down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amphiphilic molecule

A

molecule having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Major transitions

A

Changes the way life is organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of MET

A

Eukaryotic cells
multicellularity
multicellular individuality
group living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prokaryotic cell key characteristics

A
  • Bacteria and archaea
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • DNA in nucleoid region
  • Smaller, simpler
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eukaryotic cell key characteristics

A
  • Animals, plants, fungi, protists
  • Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles present
  • Much more sophisticated communication within cell
  • cytoplasmic elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  • nom but not nom-nom
  • mutualism btwn 2 prokaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MET: Multicellularity

A
  • When a group of cells form a whole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

“Staying together” Multicellularity

A

-single cell divides, but parent cells do not separate from daughter cells
-CLONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“Coming together” Multicellularity

A

-Free-living cells join together
- potentially diverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MET: Multicellular Individuality

A

“integrated and invisible wholes”
- Differentiation into germ cells and somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Germ cell

A
  • Egg/sperm
  • Specialized for reproduction and develop gametes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Somatic cells
- body, non-germ - Cells specialized in the maintenance and growth functions of an organisms
26
MET: Solitary to group living
Group - set of conspecific individuals who affect each other's fitness
27
Benefits of group living
- group foraging / resource acquisition - predator defense - Access to information - Finding mates
28
Negatives of group living
- Increased chance of disease - intraspecific competition - increased visibility
29
Conditions that could have favored the evolution of these METS
...
30
Species (evolutionary)
a group of populations that has a shared history and future evolutionary fate
31
Species (biological)
-may potentially interbreed - reproductively isolated from other groups - gene flow occurs
32
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
- Species separated by barrier traits that prevent gene flow - prezygotic or postzygotic - prevents gene flow
33
Prezygotic Barriers
- prevent / deter individuals from different populations from mating with one another or prevent fertilization if mating does occur - Habitat - different locations (geographical) - Temporal - breed at different times - Behavioral - different mating rituals, bird songs - Mechanical - physical barrier, parts don't fit - gametic - aquatic animals, chemical differences
34
Postzygotic barriers
- AFTER fertilization and conception - reduced hybrid viability, embryo doesn't survive - hybrid not fertil or bad fitness - hybrids can reproduce but offspring of hybrid unsuccessful
35
Speciation
Process by which new species are formed
36
Allopatric Speciation
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION - reproductive isolating mechanisms evolve between populations when they are geographically isolated from each other - Genetic drift - natural selection - cause separated populations to diverge from one another
37
Allopatric Vicariance model
development of geographical barrier splits population
38
Allopatric Periopheralisolate model
migration of part of population across pre-existing geographical barrier to new area;population that migrated may experience strong founder effects
39
Sympatric Speciation
- no geographical boundary separates populations - genetic event (chromosome rearrangement, changes in ploidy)
40
Parapatric speciation
- No geographic barrier, but instead a gradient of selective conditions across an area resulting in genotypic/phenotypic cline. ex: plant mine - cline= spatial gradient in frequency of genotypes/phenotypes along which populations experience different selective pressures hybrid zone= somewhere alon cline; here gene flow occurs; complete speciation will occu if gene flow stops along hybrid zone
41
Adaptive radiation
Multiple speciation events over time from a single ancestral (founder) species. - finches
42
Strong selection against hybrids
- Selection favors traits that facilitate genes being passed down - Hybrids are often sterile/less fit - genetic dead-end, waste of parental effort - alleles that reduce mating with other species will be favored by selection
43
Secondary contact (Reinforcement)
barrier to gene flow between allopatric (geographic isolation) populations is removed - If reproductive isolation is significant enough to place hybrids at disadvantage, selection will be strong AGAINST hybridization - speciation will proceed to completion
44
Reproductive character displacement
Reproductive trait is less similar in zones of sympatry than in areas of allopatry
45
ranks: DKPCOFGS
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spagetti Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
46
Phylogenetic systematics
The modern science of classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships
47
Phylogeny
Visualization of branching relationship over time
48
Phylogenies are hypothesis
Continuosly updated
49
Types of data used to test hypothesis
- Fossil record - phenotypes (morphological and physiological) - Behavioral - Embryological - genetic
50
Branches (line)
Represents different evolutionary lineages
51
Taxa
major groups of organisms at each level in the hierarchy
52
Branch tips (ends)
Taxa of interest
53
Nodes
where branches split, indicate common ancestors of taxa that come after split point
54
Sister Taxa
Taxa derived from the same node. next to each other
55
Root
base of tree represents common ancestor to ALL taxa on tree
56
Monophyletic group
Includes common ancestor and ALL its descendants NO OTHERS Clade: representation of a monophyletic group on a tree
57
Poly-phyletic group
Many tribes, includes organisms from multiple ancestral lineages DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COMMON ANCESTOR
58
Para-phyletic group
contains group's common ancestor but NOT ALL its descendants
59
Polytomy
node with more than two branches arising from it
60
unrooted trees
do not indicate root thus no indication of passage of time
61
Ancestral character
- character state present in the common ancestor
62
Derived character
all other varient forms of the character that arose later within the group
63
Homologous traits
Character similarity results from common ancestry (feet bones humans and whales)
64
Analogous
Superficial similarities that arise via different evolutionary lineages; misrepresents common descent wings, butterflies and birds
65
Convergent evolution
Two or more populations or species evolve similar traits due to similar selective pressures. america has wolves, australia has tasmanian wolves
66

Evolution (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions