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Psych 202 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

Health is a state of being free from illness or injury. Health is intimately tied to behavior and mental processes. (physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing)

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2
Q

Health Psychology

A

Health psychology is the study of how psychological factors (like stress) affect health and illness. Health psychology also includes the study of how interventions help maintain health and combat illness.

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3
Q

Health Psychologists

A

Who study how people’s behaviors influence their health, have classified stressors into several types

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4
Q

Leading Causes of Death in Adults

A

Heart disease - chronic
Cancer - chronic
Chronic lower respiratory diseases - chronic
Unintentional injuries
Stroke
Alzheimer’s disease
Diabetes
Influenza and pneumonia
Kidney disease
Suicide

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5
Q

What behaviors contribute to health

A

Maintain healthy weight
Exercise regularly
Eat a healthy diet
Get 8 hours of sleep
Quit smoking (or never smoke)

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6
Q

Behaviors that contribute to chronic conditions

A

Excessive alcohol consumption
Tobacco smoking
Unhealthy diet
Inadequate exercise
Inadequate sleep

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7
Q

Stressors

A

Stimuli in our lives that we perceive as challenges or threats (Stressors are stimuli that place demands on us and require us to adapt in some manner)

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8
Q

Reactions

A

Second part in the process of stress response (includes bodily reactions)

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9
Q

Coping

A

By perceiving and then reacting, we are coping with the challenges or threats (successfully/not)

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10
Q

Cognitive Appraisal

A

Is it irrelevant, stressful, or positive
Is this a threat, harm, or challenge
Challenge = better; threat = worse

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11
Q

Various sources of stressors

A

Major life events
Catastrophes
Daily hassles
Frustration
Pressure
Conflict

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12
Q

Degrees of stressors

A

Microstressors
Major negative events
Catastrophic events

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13
Q

Microstressors

A

Daily hassles and minor annoyances (traffic jam, line at the grocery store, etc)

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14
Q

Major negative events

A

Personal, negative events (divorce, death of a loved one, serious illness, etc.)

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15
Q

Catastrophic events

A

Tend to occur unexpectedly and affect large numbers of people; affect both physical and mental health (hurricane, tsunami, wildfire)

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16
Q

Fight or Flight response

A

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Release of adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol
Affects multiple body systems; suppresses immune system

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17
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Our stress response system defends, then fatigues (The body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in)

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18
Q

Phase one of GAS

A

Alarm reaction (mobilize resources)

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19
Q

Phase 2 of GAS

A

Resistance (cope with stressors)

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20
Q

Phase 3 of GAS

A

Exhaustion (reserves depleted)

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21
Q

Diseases of Adaptation

A

Chronic inflammation
Damage to heart and blood vessels
High blood pressure, heart disease
Depressed immune function
Colds, flu
Arthritis
Disruptions in gut bacteria

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22
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland axis

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23
Q

Effects of chronic stress

A

More vulnerable to infectious diseases (colds and flu)
Progression of HIV infection to AIDS is influenced by stress
Produces greater vulnerability to the virus responsible for mono, which is normally kept in check by the immune system
Stress related to social relationships can be especially harmful to our ability to stay healthy
Heart disease is associated with chronic stress (damage affects the ability of blood vessels to expand when necessary)

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24
Q

PTSD

A

Severe negative reactions to a traumatic event, including anxiety, irritability, jumpiness, inability to concentrate or work productively, dysfunction in many areas of life (thinking, sexual function, relationships, sleep)

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25
Burnout
An increasingly intense pattern of physical and psychological dysfunction in response to a continuous flow of stressors or to chronic stress
26
Biopsychosocial model of health
Health is the product of interaction between a range of different factors. These interact with and can influence one another. Making a change to one factor can produce changes to the other factors.
27
Biological factors
Genetics Physiological functioning Fitness levels Illness Internal body chemistry (hormones + neurotransmitters)
28
Psychological factors
Lifestyle Stress Cognitive functioning Beliefs Mental illness Modes of thinking
29
Social factors
Culture Family Interpersonal relationships Social support General environment
30
Perceived control
How can I cope or manage this stressor Feeling of control = better Lack of control = worse
31
Problem-focused coping strategies
Controlling or altering the environment that is causing the stress
32
Emotion-focused coping strategies
Controlling your internal, subjective, emotional reactions to stress (cognitive reappraisal, defense mechanisms)
33
Steps to Reducing Stress
Assessment, goals, planning, action, evaluation, adjustment
34
Physical stress management techniques
Exercise Progressive relaxation Meditation, breathing Yoga
35
Behavioral stress management techniques
Manage time wisely Laugh Be spiritual Imagine a calm environment
36
Psychological stress management techniques
Cognitive reappraisal (stress=challenge, not threat) Avoid perfectionism Cognitive restructuring (replace upsetting thoughts with more constructive ones) Try to be optimistic
37
Social-emotional stress management techniques
Develop social support Talk with friends Find community Seek advice
38
Make stress your friend
View stress as “energizing” you to surmount obstacles or deal with stressors (cognitive appraisal) Talk about your stress with others (seek social support) Help others (take your focus on your own stressors/enhance your social network)
38
Health Literacy
What is it: Individuals’ ability to obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to manage their health and make appropriate health decisions
38
Effects of low health literacy
1.5-3 times more likely to have negative health outcomes Lower knowledge of healthcare and conditions More hospitalizations Lower overall health scores Poor diabetes and COPD control More anxiety and depression Fewer (or no) flu vaccines and annual cancer screening Having children with more health issues (poor understanding, support of child health)
38
Abnormal behavior
Thought and behavior patterns characterized as atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, or unjustifiable Deviance, distress, dysfunction
38
Normal to Abnormal Continuum
Behavior is viewed on a continuum from normal to psychological disorder
38
DSM-5
Lists 20 categories of disorders Covers more than 300 disorders Takes an a-theoretical approach Shows improved reliability and validity over time Having standards does not guarantee a correct diagnosis
38
Biological/Neurobiological perspective
All abnormal behavior has a physical cause (genes, biochemistry, neurological impairments)
38
Psychological perspective
Abnormal behavior is caused by internal factors (sometimes with external influences)
39
Sociocultural perspective
Abnormal behavior develops within a social context (family, community, and society) and must be treated according to that social context
40
Biopsychosocial perspective
We draw from multiple perspectives, not just one, in treating mental disorders
41
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive worry about a number of events, often with no identifiable cause (lasts at least 6 months)
42
Panic Disorder
Person has recurrent abrupt experiences of unexpected intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms
43
Agoraphobia
Fear of being trapped in public and getting a panic attack
44
Specific Phobias
Persistent fear that is excessive and unreasonable (lasts at least 6 months)
45
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
A disorder where the person experiences anxiety related to an obsession or compulsion or both Obsession: An involuntary, irrational thought that occurs repeatedly (intrusive thoughts) Compulsion: An action that a person feels compelled to do, even though it is irrational
46
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Results from exposure to a traumatic event during which one feels helplessness or fear
47
Hoarding Disorder
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions such that they accumulate and clutter living areas causing significant distress and impairment in functioning
48
Dissociative Disorders
Involve a loss of connection with some part of our consciousness, identity, or memory
49
Dissociative Amnesia
sudden loss of memory
50
Dissociative Identity Disorder
multiple personality disorder
51
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Involve physical complaints for which there is no apparent physical cause
52
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Sometimes identifiable, not voluntarily produced, involves cognitive distortions regarding illness
53
Conversion Disorder
Not identifiable but involves physical symptoms, not voluntarily produced, no cognitive distortions regarding illness
54
Depressive Disorder
May involve depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in one’s usual activities; changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and motor functioning; and loss of energy
55
Bipolar Disorder
Involve shifts in mood between two states; depressed and manic
56
Explaining Mood Disorders
Genetics Neurotransmitters (Serotonin Norepinephrine) Stress hormones Brain structures (Prefrontal cortex Limbic system) Psychological factors (Learned helplessness Ruminative coping style Cognitive distortions) Sociocultural factors (Stressful events Lower SES Prior trauma)
57
Suicide
90% of all people who commit suicide have a diagnosable mental health disorder In 2010, suicide was 11th-leading cause of death in US Among 25-34 year olds, it was the 2nd leading cause of death Among 15-24 year olds, it was the 3rd leading cause of death Among 35-44 year olds, it was the 4th leading cause of death
58
Schizophrenia
Characterized by a lack of reality testing, deterioration of social and intellectual functioning, and serious personality disintegration with significant changes in thought, mood perception and behavior
59
Schizophrenia: Epidemiology
Typically diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood (men generally diagnosed earlier than women) Rates differ by race and ethnicity
60
Schizophrenia: Neural and Developmental Factors
Abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter function are associated with schizophrenia These abnormalities may have origins in prenatal and early childhood development
61
Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disordered behavior
62
Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms
Blunted affect Alogia Avolition
63
Personality Disorders
Odd or Eccentric Behaviors Anxious or Fearful Behaviors Dramatic or Erratic Behaviors
64
Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder
65
Dramatic or Erratic Behaviors
Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder
66
Anxious or Fearful Behaviors
Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
67
Paranoid personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of mistrust and suspiciousness regarding others’ motives
68
Schizoid personality disorder
Socially isolated, emotionally cold, indifferent to others
69
Schizotypal personality disorder
Peculiar thoughts and behaviors; poor interpersonal relationships
70
Antisocial personality disorder
Failure to conform to social or legal codes; lack of anxiety and guilt; irresponsible behaviors
71
Borderline personality disorder
Intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships
72
Histrionic personality disorder
Self-dramatization, exaggerated emotional expression, and seductive, provocative or attention-seeking behaviors
73
Narcissistic personality disorder
Exaggerated sense of self-importance; exploitative behavior; lack of empathy
74
Avoidant personality disorder
Pervasive social inhibition; fear of rejection and humiliation
75
Dependent personality disorder
Excessive dependence on others; inability to assume responsibilities; submissive
76
Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder
Perfectionism; controlling interpersonal behavior; devotion to details; rigidity
77
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Characterized by impairment in social communication and social interaction; and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
78
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity Boys diagnosed more frequently Problem: person is chronically under-aroused mentally
79
Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Off-task behavior; difficulty focusing Lack of inhibition Hyperactivity Impulsivity
80
Common Treatments of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Central nervous system stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin) - increase mental arousal Cognitive behavioral therapy
81
Psychological Therapy (Psychotherapy)
A therapist uses various techniques to help a person overcome difficulties, gain personal insight, and achieve personal growth (Multiple perspectives, evidence-based)
82
Biological and Psychological Perspectives
Lithium discovered as a treatment for bipolar disorder
83
Evidence-based Practice
Best scientific evidence Individual clinical expertise Patient values
84
Types of Mental Health Professionals
Psychologists Psychiatrists Counselors Social Workers Couples or Family Therapists
85
Therapy Considerations
Length of treatment Individual, couples, family, or group therapy Setting (in or outpatient)
86
Who seeks treatment
Related to severity Difficult to estimate Who sees a family physician Self-select/report
87
Psychoanalytic Psychological Therapies
Uncover unconscious motivation/issues
88
Techniques of Psychoanalysis
Free association Dream analysis Hypnosis Projective tests Talk therapy
89
Humanistic Psychological Therapies
Discover a person’s needs/goals (Carl Rogers)
90
Techniques of humanism
Empathy Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Active listening
91
Behavioral Psychological Therapies
To change behavior; to help the person learn a more healthy, adaptive behavior
92
Techniques of behaviorism
Systematic desensitization Flooding Aversion therapy Token economies Modeling
93
Cognitive Psychological Therapies
To change a client’s maladaptive thinking patterns
94
Techniques of Cognitive therapy
Cognitive restructuring Rational emotive behavior therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy
95
Cognitive Distortions
All-or-nothing thinking Arbitrary inference Emotional reasoning Magnification and minimization Overgeneralization
96
All-or-nothing thinking
Seeing each event as completely good or bad, right or wrong, a success or a failure
97
Arbitrary inference
Concluding that something negative will happen or is happening even though there is no evidence to support it
98
Emotional reasoning
Assuming that negative emotions are accurate without questioning them
99
Magnification and minimization
Overestimating the importance of negative events and underestimating the impact of positive events
100
Overgeneralization
Applying a negative conclusion of one even to other unrelated events and areas of one’s life
101
Rational Emotive Therapy
1. Activating event 2. Belief 3. Emotional and behavioral consequences Rational Intervention: Challenging the belief New effective philosophy New feelings
102
Classes of Psychoactive Medications
Anti-anxiety Anti-psychotics Mood stabilizers Antidepressants
103
Biological Therapies
Electroconvulsive therapy Psychosurgery Brain stimulation Neurofeedback

Psych 202 (2 decks)

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