exam 3

Question 1

information theory

Answer 1

how information is quantified, stored and communicated

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

strengthing of the bond between the stimulus and the response

Question 3

information processing

Answer 3

in human brain may be similar to the steps and operations of a computer program

Question 4

information must be

Answer 4

• stored in storage system (memory)
• processed

Question 5

reflexes

Answer 5

• non-inferential: direct pathway with no information added
• encapsulated: unaffected by mental processes

Question 6

perception

Answer 6

• process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information
• how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Question 7

poverty of stimulus

Answer 7

• our experience determines our knowledge
• less information in our stimulus than perceptual response

Question 8

information

Answer 8

• a quantity that reduces uncertainty
• constraint (limit or help shape the development of performance

Question 9

information processing model

Answer 9

input (signal) > processor > output (motor action)
environment brain observable behavior

Question 10

chronometric approach

Answer 10

• use of reaction time
• infers cognitive processes
• examines temporal aspects of information processing (duration)
• uses RT paradigms

Question 11

reaction time

Answer 11

interval between the onset of the stimulus to the initiation of the response (before movement begins)

Question 12

movement time

Answer 12

interval from initiation of response to the completion of response

Question 13

response time

Answer 13

sum of reaction time + movement time

Question 14

parallel processing

Answer 14

stages occur at same time but at different locations

Question 15

serial processing

Answer 15

one stage has to finish before the next stage can begin

Question 16

processing stages

Answer 16

• stimulus identification
• response selection
• response programming

Question 17

Stimulus identification

Answer 17

individual must detect a stimulus has occurred and must identify it

Question 18

response selection

Answer 18

after the stimulus has been identified, an individual must decide which response to make (action or no action)

Question 19

response programming

Answer 19

after response is selected, system has to prepare for making the movement (represent preparation of motor systems and initiation of movement

Question 20

Donders subtraction method

Answer 20

• simple RT
• Discrimination RT
• Choice RT

Question 21

Simple RT

Answer 21

• one stimulus, one response
• stimulus detection, response execution

Question 22

Discrimination RT

Answer 22

• multiple stimuli, one some have response
• stimulus detection, stimulus identification, response selection (not all stimuli have response)

Question 23

Choice RT

Answer 23

• multiple stimuli, each have own response
• stimulus detection, stimulus identification, response selection, response execution

Question 24

Stimulus identification

Answer 24

Discrimination RT - Simple RT

Question 25

Response selection

Answer 25

Choice RT - discrimination RT

Question 26

stimulus identification substages

Answer 26

- stimulus detection - pattern recognition

Question 27

stimulus detection

Answer 27

- light reaches retina > transformed into electrical impulses > processing to contact memory - stimulus clarity: extent to which visual stimulus is defined and clear (+ clarity = faster identification - stimulus intensity: brightness of light, loudness.. + intensity = faster RT stimulus modality: visual, auditory multiple modalities.. RT is faster if stimulus are presented in more than 1 modality

Question 28

pattern recognition

Answer 28

- stimulus identification requires extracting pattern from other stimuli in environment - pattern detection is learned and often differentiates experts and novice - automaticity in motor performance develops due to sensory info being detected quickly and accurately

Question 29

Response selection

Answer 29

individual now has a basis for knowing what happened in the environment and selects an appropriate response

Question 30

as the number of choices increased the choice reaction time also increases (linear relationship)

Question 31

Hicks law

Answer 31

Predicts how much RT increases with increasing choices

Question 32

Choice Rt is linearly related to log2 of the number of stimulus options

Answer 32

more choice creates more information processing creating longer RT

Question 33

bit

Answer 33

amount of information that reduced original uncertainty by half

Question 34

when number of choices double

Answer 34

number of information being processed increased by 1 bit and RT increases a constant amount

Question 35

hicks law does not hold

Answer 35

if the individual has excess familiarity with the task

Question 36

stimulus response compatibility

Answer 36

- if stimulus and response are compatible then RT is faster - S-R compatibility concerns the extent to which the stimulus and its associated response are connected in a natural manner (i.e., stimulus on same side)

Question 37

incompatibility

Answer 37

cause interferences in selection and response

Question 38

response selection phase of RT

Answer 38

susceptible to compatibility effects when teh stimuli and response have a learned association

Question 39

interference occurs if response is

Answer 39

not consistent with that learned association (i.e., color is green but word spells blue)

Question 40

simon effect

Answer 40

Stimulus location (i.e., left or right side)

Question 41

Theories that may explain stroop effect

Answer 41

- processing speed - selective attention - automaticity

Question 42

processing speed

Answer 42

we read words faster than we recognize color

Question 43

selective attention

Answer 43

recognizing color requires more attention than reading

Question 44

automaticity

Answer 44

recognizing color is not an automatic process, whereas the brain automatically understands the meaning of words

Question 45

Response programming required steps

Answer 45

- motor program retrieved from memory - program prepared for activation - relevant areas of motor systems readied for program - movement initiated

Question 46

Henry Rogers experiment

Answer 46

- manipulated complexity of movement, while keeping the stimulus the same - **complex movements required longer movement time and reaction time** - more complex movement = longer period of time to initiate (plan)