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Gross Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ligamentum nuchae turn into as it becomes thinner down the spinal cord

A

supraspinous ligament

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2
Q

what ligament goes in between the spinous process

A

interspinous ligament

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3
Q

what ligaments must you pass through to do an epidural

A

supraspinous
interspinous
ligamentum flavum

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4
Q

what ligament attaches vertebrae to each other

A

ligamentum flavum

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5
Q

what ligament is deep to the spinal cord

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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6
Q

what space are you in when you poke through the ligamentum flavum

A

epidural space

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7
Q

what really makes up the epidural space

A

fat and veins laying on top of the dura mater

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8
Q

what structure gives popping sensation as needle punctures for epidural

A

ligamentum flavum

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9
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

L1, L2

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10
Q

what are the areas of major branching of the peripheral nerves on the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbosacral enlargement

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11
Q

what branch of nerves come off the cervical enlargement

A

brachial plexus

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12
Q

what do the nerves coming off the lumbosacral enlargement supply

A

lower extremities

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13
Q

where does nervous tissue stop on the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris at L1-L2

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14
Q

what is the name of the structure where the spinal cord ends

A

conus medullaris

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15
Q

what structure extends off tapering point of conus medularis

A

filum terminale

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16
Q

what structure attaches the coccygeal vertebrae to the conus medullaris

A

filum terminale

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17
Q

what are the parts of the filum terminale

A

dural and pial parts

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18
Q

what vertebrae does the pial part of the filum terminale correspond with

A

L1-S2

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19
Q

what vertebrae does the dura part of the filum terminale correspond with

A

S2-coccygeal vertebrae

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20
Q

what wraps around pia giving it strength

A

dura

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21
Q

what is the function of the filum terminale

A

hold spinal cord in alignment so it does not bounce around

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22
Q

what are the meningeal layers

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

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23
Q

what meningeal lays against the skull and vertebral column

A

dura mater

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24
Q

what meningeal layer lies beneath the dura mater

A

arachnoid mata

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25
Q

what lies beneath the arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space

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26
Q

what is contained within the arachnoid space

A

CSF and vessels

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27
Q

what meningeal layer is beneath the subarachnoid space

A

pia mater

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28
Q

what meningeal layer is tightly adhered to the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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29
Q

what are the two sections of the spinal cord

A

grey and white matter

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30
Q

what makes up the internal matter of the spinal cord

A

grey matter

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31
Q

what is contained in grey matter

A

neurons

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32
Q

how much more neurons do men have than women

A

6%

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33
Q

what is the function of the grey matter

A

activates the nervous system

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34
Q

where is the central canal located

A

grey matter of the spinal cord

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35
Q

what flows through the central canal

A

CSF

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36
Q

how much more white matter do women have than men

A

10x more

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37
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord white matter

A

pathway to carry messages

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38
Q

what runs through the anterior median fissure

A

anterior spinal artery

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39
Q

what are the anterior and posterior structures of the white matter

A

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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40
Q

what lies on the either side of the posterior median sulcus

A

posterior spinal arteries

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41
Q

what supplies a great deal of the spinal cord

A

posterior intercostal artery

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42
Q

what are the spinal veins called

A

posterior/ anterior spinal vein

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43
Q

what is deep to the extradural fat

A

dura mater

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44
Q

what is infiltrated with medication during epidural

A

extradural fat

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45
Q

what structure needs to be penetrated for a spinal

A

through dura into the subarachnoid space

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46
Q

what attaches pia to the dura

A

denticulate ligament

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47
Q

what weaves between dorsals and ventral nerve roots to stabilize spinal cord

A

denticulate ligament

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48
Q

what spinal nerve roots are sensory

A

posterior roots

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49
Q

what spinal nerve roots are motor

A

anterior roots

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50
Q

what is an enlargement outside of central nervous system containing neurons

A

ganglion

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51
Q

what determines how and when message gets to where it needs to go

A

ganglion

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52
Q

what nerves have short pre ganglion and long post ganglion going to organ

A

sympathetic

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53
Q

is there a parasympathetic chain ganglion

A

no

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54
Q

where does the parasympathetic response come from

A

medulla oblongata and pelvic splanchnic nerves

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55
Q

what are the roots of the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

S2
S3
S4

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56
Q

what nerves have long pre ganglion and short post ganglion going to organ

A

parasympathetic

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57
Q

how many cervical nerve roots are there

A

8

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58
Q

how many thoracic nerve roots are there

A

12

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59
Q

how many lumbar nerve roots are there

A

5

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60
Q

how many sacral nerve roots are there

A

5

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61
Q

how many coccygeal nerve roots are there

A

1-3

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62
Q

what does the cuada equina innervate

A

provide ability to move and feel sensation in legs and the bladder

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63
Q

what sinus runs the length of the brain

A

superior sagital sinus

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64
Q

what are the sinuses in the brain made of

A

dura mater

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65
Q

what meningeal layer helps to hold brain intact and from crashing into each other

A

dura mater

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66
Q

what part of dura separates left and right brain hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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67
Q

what part of the dura separates right and left cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

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68
Q

what part of the dura separates cerebri from cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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69
Q

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

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70
Q

what is the covering over the pituitary gland keeping it on sella turcica

A

diaphragma sellae

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71
Q

what lobe is found by separating the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes

A

insular lobe

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72
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insular
cerebellum

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73
Q

what are the raised portion of the brain

A

gyri

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74
Q

what are the canals of the brain called

A

sulci

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75
Q

what structure is the pituitary gland in

A

sella turcica

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76
Q

what fissure separates right and left brain hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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77
Q

what sulcus separates frontal from parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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78
Q

what sulcus separates temporal lobe from frontal/parietal

A

lateral sulcus

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79
Q

what separates parietal and occipital lobes

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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80
Q

what are the precentral and post central gyri in relation to

A

central sulcus

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81
Q

what are precentral gyri responsible for

A

motor

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82
Q

what are the post central gyri responsible for

A

sensory

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83
Q

what structure in the brain connects the right and left hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

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84
Q

what brain structure is larger in women

A

corpus callosum

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85
Q

what makes up walls of the lateral ventricles

A

corpus callosum

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86
Q

what connects right and left thalamus

A

interthalamic adhesion

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87
Q

what lobe is the uncus on

A

temporal lobe

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88
Q

what artery is directly underneath the uncus

A

middle cerebral artery

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89
Q

why is the uncus herniating significant

A

it can occlude the middle cerebral artery causing a stroke

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90
Q

what structure us immediately underneath the septum pellicidum

A

fornix

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91
Q

what is the fornix responsible for

A

short term memory

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92
Q

what does the fornix continue into posteriorly

A

hippocampus

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93
Q

what is the hippocampus responsible for

A

long term memory

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94
Q

what is the survival portion of the brain

A

amygdala

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95
Q

is the amygdala bigger in male or female

A

male

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96
Q

what makes the lateral walls of the 3rd ventrical

A

thalamus

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97
Q

what makes CSF

A

choroid plexus

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98
Q

where are coroid plexus located

A

in all ventricles

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99
Q

what is normal csf pressure

A

7-12mmHg

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100
Q

how much csf is made each day

A

450-600cc

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101
Q

how much csf is there in the body at one time

A

150cc

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102
Q

what makes melatonin

A

pineal body

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103
Q

what is responsible for circadian rhythms

A

pineal body

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104
Q

what is the thin piece of tissue walling off the lateral ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

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105
Q

what makes the anterior and posterior walls of 3rd ventricle

A

anterior and posterior commissure

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106
Q

what holds memory of smell

A

mammillary bodies

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107
Q

what does the fornix turn into anteriorly

A

mammillary bodies

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108
Q

what is the cerebral peduncle responsible for

A

smoothing/tapering movement

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109
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

110
Q

how many apitures are there

A

2 lateral and 1 medial

111
Q

what is the role of the apitures

A

place where spinal fluid leaves the 4th ventricle and goes into subarachnoid space

112
Q

where are apitures located

A

4th ventricle

113
Q

what ventricle extends down into the hypothalamus

A

3rd ventricle

114
Q

what structures sit on tectale plate

A

superior and inferior colliculus

115
Q

what is the superior/inferior colliculus responsible for

A

vision
depth perception
colors

116
Q

what is the posterior portion of the cerebral aqueduct

A

tectal plate

117
Q

what molecule triggers breathing

A

hydrogen

118
Q

how is CO2 transported in blood

A

bicarbonate

119
Q

describe the blood brain barrier

A

tiny capillaries taper down and get really small so they only let small molecules in

120
Q

what nerves come out of the jugular foramen

A

9
10
11

121
Q

what is the origin out of the brain to a mid termination point for a nerve

A

tract

122
Q

trace the route of the olfactory nerve

A

brain
olfactory tract
olfactory bulb
olfactory nerve
nose

123
Q

trace the route of the optic nerve

A

brain
optic tract
optic chiasm
optic nerve
eye

124
Q

where does the olfactory nerve exit the skull

A

cribiform plate

125
Q

what does consenual mean pertaining to the eye

A

since the optic nerve is connected to the optic chiasm, both eyes constrict when shining a light in one eye

126
Q

what is the ciliary muscle responsible for

A

constricts and dilates the pupil

127
Q

what is it called when aqueous humor cannot get out causing ocular pressure to be high

A

glaucoma

128
Q

what muscles does oculomotor nerve innervate

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
levator pallpibrae superioris
sphincter pupillae
ciliary muscle

129
Q

what does the trochlear nerve innervate

A

superior oblique muscle

130
Q

what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

131
Q

what does the abducens nerve come out of

A

sphenoid bone

132
Q

what does the abducens nerve innervate

A

lateral rectus muscle

133
Q

what are the sensory innervations of the trigeminal nerve

A

face
sinuses
teeth
oral cavity
orbital cavity
dura mater

134
Q

what are the motor innervations of the trigeminal nerve

A

muscles of mastication
tensor tympani
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tensor veli palatini

135
Q

where does the facial nerve come out of

A

stylomastoid foramen

136
Q

what does the facial nerve innervate

A

muscles of the face
stapedius
posterior belly of the digastric
stylohyoid
occipitalis
auricularis

137
Q

what are the motor innervations of the intermediate facial nerve

A

submandibular
sublingual
lacrimal glands

138
Q

what are the taste innervation of the intermediate facial nerve

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue
sensory soft palate

139
Q

where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull

A

internal auditory canal

140
Q

what are the taste innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

141
Q

what are the sensory innervation of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

tonsil
pharynx
middle ear

142
Q

what are the motor innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

parotid gland
stylopharyngeus

143
Q

what are the motor innervations of the vagus nerve

A

heart
lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
GI tract
palate

144
Q

what are the sensory innervations of the vagus nerve

A

heart
lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
GI tract
external ear

145
Q

what does the accessory nerve innervate

A

sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

146
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate

A

tongue muscles

147
Q

what happens when there is trauma in the lower part of the medulla oblongata

A

accessory nerve can be affected causing loss of back muscle function/sensation

148
Q

what are the three lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

149
Q

what is on the posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

tonsils

150
Q

what structures differentiate the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

leaflets instead of gyri

151
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

coordination
muscle movement
muscle memory

152
Q

what is the superior depression running down the middle of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

superior vermis

153
Q

what is the inferior depression running down the middle of all 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

inferior vermis

154
Q

what are the indentations at the front and the back of the cerebellum

A

anterior and posterior cerebellar notch

155
Q

what arteries supply the brain

A

R/L internal carotid
R/L vertebral arteries

156
Q

what does the right and left vertebral artery join together to form

A

basilar artery

157
Q

what is the branch of the vertebral arteries

A

posterior interior cerebellar artery

158
Q

what does the basilar artery split into

A

posterior cerebral arteries

159
Q

what branches off the posterior cerebral artery

A

posterior communicating artery

160
Q

what connects the posterior cerebral artery and the middle artery

A

posterior communicating artery

161
Q

what are the branches of the basilar artery

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery
pons arteries
superior cerebellar artery

162
Q

what does the pons control

A

HR
Respiration
swallowing

163
Q

how often do strokes come from the vertebral artery occur

A

20% of the time

164
Q

what is the usual outcome of a stroke in the basilar artery

A

death

165
Q

what arteries is the middle artery made up from

A

posterior communicating and internal carotid artery

166
Q

where does the 1st branch of the middle cerebral artery go to

A

brocha center

167
Q

where do 80% of all strokes occur

A

internal carotid

168
Q

what do 90% of strokes effect since middle carotid goes to brochas center

A

speech

169
Q

what artery arises of the middle cerebral artery

A

anterior cerebral artery

170
Q

what are the right and left anterior cerebral arteries connected by

A

anterior communicating artery

171
Q

what are the layers of the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater called

A

meninges

172
Q

what is the brain stem responsible for

A

HR
respiration
breathing

173
Q

what sinuses feed into the confluence of sinuses

A

straight and superior sagittal sinus

174
Q

where are arachnoid granulations found

A

superior sagittal sinus

175
Q

what is the role of the arachnoid granulations

A

allow csf to seep into superior sagittal sinus so it can get into venous system

176
Q

what sinus feeds into the straight sinus

A

inferior sagittal sinus

177
Q

what does the confluence of sinuses drain into

A

transverse sinuses

178
Q

what vein does the blood from the transverse sinus eventually feed into

A

internal jugular vein

179
Q

what sinus is inferior and anterior to sella turcica

A

sphenoid sinus

180
Q

what is the thin cartilaginous tissue separating the right and left nostril

A

nasal septum

181
Q

what rises up during swallowing to block food from going into the nose

A

soft palate

182
Q

what does the pituitary gland sit in

A

sella turcica

183
Q

what tonsil is inferior to the sella turcica

A

pharyngeal tonsil

184
Q

what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil

A

adenoid

185
Q

what is another name for eustachian tube

A

pharyngeal opening of auditory canal

186
Q

what opens the eustachian tube and can blow bacteria into middle ear

A

sneezing

187
Q

what tonsils are anterior and deep to uvula

A

palatine tonsils

188
Q

what tonsils act similar to lymph nodes and enlarge when infected

A

palatine tonsils

189
Q

what covers the trachea to make sure food doesnt get into trachea

A

epiglottis

190
Q

what needs to go up during swallowing to allow the epiglottis to fold back

A

thyroid cartilage

191
Q

what muscle is superior to the posterior cricoid cartilage

A

transverse arytenoid muscle

192
Q

what folds lie in the thyroid cartilage

A

vestibular and vocal

193
Q

what cartilage is small on the anterior portion and large on the posterior portion

A

cricoid cartilage

194
Q

what found in between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

A

cricothyroid ligament

195
Q

where is an emergent tracheotomy performed

A

cricothyroid ligament

196
Q

what is the false cord

A

vestibular fold

197
Q

what is the true cord

A

vocal fold

198
Q

what is the pouch between the vestibular and vocal fold

A

laryngeal ventricle

199
Q

what are the 3 concha

A

superior
middle
inferior

200
Q

what lies between the concha

A

meatus

201
Q

what are the concha coated with that originated in the sinuses

A

mucous

202
Q

what produces mucous in the sinuses

A

goblet cells

203
Q

what is the role of cilia in the nose

A

pushes virus/bacteria back towards the larynx, gets swallowed in stomach and killed by hydrochloric acid

204
Q

what happens when bacteria gets past the carina

A

cilia sweeps up to get bacteria out

205
Q

what is the tissue of the nose lined with

A

cilia
lysozymes
antibodies
mucus

206
Q

what is next to the opening of the maxillary sinus

A

semilunar hiatus

207
Q

what structures are in the middle meatus

A

ethmoidal bulla
semilunar hiatus
maxillary sinus opening

208
Q

what sinus dumps into the superior meatus

A

sphenoidal sinus

209
Q

what sinus is inferior to the to the sella turcica

A

sphenoidal sinus

210
Q

which tubercle is most lateral

A

cuneiform tubercle

211
Q

what tubercle is most medial

A

corniculate tubercle

212
Q

what is in the middle of the corniculate tubercles

A

interarytenoid notch

213
Q

what are the parts of the cricoid cartilage

A

arch (anterior)
lamina
artyenoid articular surface

214
Q

what sits on top of the posterior cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilage

215
Q

where is the lingual tonsil

A

base of the tongue

216
Q

what tonsil is superior to the eustachian tube

A

pharnygeal tonsil

217
Q

what tonsil is inferior to the uvula

A

palatine tonsil

218
Q

what is the space between the lingual tonsil and the epiglottis

A

vallecula

219
Q

does the cornea have any blood vessels

A

no

220
Q

what is the most anterior structure of the eye

A

cornea

221
Q

what does the levator palpebrae superioris do

A

elevates upper eyelid

222
Q

superior oblique

A

looks medially and downward

223
Q

inferior oblique

A

looks medially and upward

224
Q

superior rectus

A

looks laterally and upward

225
Q

inferior rectus

A

looks laterally and downward

226
Q

medial rectus

A

looks medially

227
Q

lateral rectus

A

look lateral

228
Q

where does the cornea get nutrients from

A

aqueous humor

229
Q

how does the cornea get vessels to heal it

A

conjunctival flap

230
Q

what chamber is deep to the cornea and contains aqueous humor

A

anterior chamber

231
Q

what chamber is deep to the pupil

A

posterior chamber

232
Q

where does aqueous humor drain

A

scleral venous sinus

233
Q

what gives the eye color and forms the pupil

A

iris

234
Q

what is the straight muscle of the iris responsible for

A

dilating pupil
sympathetic

235
Q

what is the sphincter muscle of the iris responsible for

A

constricting pupil
parasympathetic

236
Q

what does the vitreous chamber contain

A

vitreous humor, mucous-like

237
Q

what attaches the lens to the ciliary body

A

zonular fibers

238
Q

what are zonular fibers attached to

A

lens and ciliary body

239
Q

what structure is associated with cataracts

A

lenticulate fibers

240
Q

where are lenticulate fibers found

A

lens

241
Q

what happens to the lens when looking at something near

A

contracts and rounds

242
Q

what happens to the lens when looking at something far

A

lens widens and thins

243
Q

what is direction of flow in tears

A

lateral to medial
drains into medial canthus and into nasolacrima duct

244
Q

what is the white, fibrinous portion of the eye that gives it integrity

A

sclera

245
Q

what layer of the eye has vessels in it

A

choroid

246
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye

A

sclera
choroid
retina

247
Q

what is the blind spot of the eye

A

optic disc (no rods or cones)

248
Q

what is the thinnest area of the retina

A

fovea centralis

249
Q

what is the most sensitive area in the eye containing 50% more cones than rods

A

fovea centralis

250
Q

what do cones do

A

detect color
function in bright light

251
Q

what do rods do

A

function in dim light

252
Q

where are rods and cones found

A

neural section of the retina

253
Q

what structures are on the arytenoids

A

corniculate

254
Q

where is the lacrimal gland found

A

superior lateral side of the eye

255
Q

what kind of matter are ganglions considered

A

gray matter because they have neurons in them

256
Q

what is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

stabilizes one vertebrae to another so that pressure isnt put on peripheral nerves

257
Q

what does the largest portion of the blood in the brain drain into

A

superior sagittal sinus

258
Q

what is the inferior sagital sinus located in

A

falx cerebri

259
Q

Why is the foramen transversarium important

A

Where vertebral artery passes through

260
Q

What does the suprspinious ligament run on

A

Dorsal spinous process

261
Q

Where does the dura end in the film terminale

A

S2

262
Q

Where are the ganglia in the spinal cord

A

Posterior nerve root

263
Q

How many anterior and posterior spinal arteries do you have

A

1 anterior
2 posterior

264
Q

What is the denticulate ligament made of and what does it attach to

A

Made of pia mater

Attaches to dura

265
Q

What is the denticulate ligament made of and what does it attach to

A

Made of pia mater

Attaches to dura

266
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle

A

Abducens (VI)

267
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle

A

Trochlear (IV)

268
Q

Where is the anterior chamber

A

In front of the iris
Behind the cornea

269
Q

Where is the posterior chamber?

A

Behind the iris

270
Q

What is the cornea rich in

A

Nerves, poor in vessels

271
Q

Number of rods and cones in the eye

A

100 million rods
6-8 million cones

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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