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BIO-203: Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hybrid zones? Why are many hybrid zones narrow in width?

A

These are areas where two species come into contact and breed with one another

Usually narrow because of the possible outcomes of:

-REINFORCEMENT: selection to prevent hybrid formation
-FUSION: species fuse back into one species
-STABILITY: hybrids continue to form, don’t leave narrow zone

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2
Q

What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?

A

Gradualism: a process of evolution that suggests that changes occur slowly and constantly over time.

Punctuated Equilibrium: a process of evolution that suggests very short, rapid periods of change followed by long periods of stability.

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3
Q

Provide an example of gradualism and an example of punctuated equilibrium.

A

Gradualism: finches, whales

Punctuated Equilibrium: Cambrian explosion

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4
Q

Put the following groups of organisms in sequence from oldest to most recent, in terms
of their first appearance in the fossil record:

mammals, invertebrates, prokaryotes, land plants, algae

A

Prokaryotes
Algae
Land Plants
Invertebrates
Mammals

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5
Q

Given the age of the Earth, have humans been present for much of it? What about other animals?

A

NO - humans have only appeared around 200,000 years ago

Other animals first appeared 600 MILLION years ago

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6
Q

Why is it important to understand continental drift when studying evolution?

A

This is because it can lead to vicariance, which is when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms.

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7
Q

Is continental drift still occurring?

A

YES - N. America and Europe drift apart about 2cm each year!

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8
Q

List two conditions or events that can lead to adaptive radiation. For each condition explain how the condition could lead to adaptive radiation. Provide examples.

A

Extinction - surviving organisms, say in the extinction of dinosaurs, have new environmental opportunities as the niches are “empty”

Geographic Isolation - dispersals to new areas, like Hawaiian Silverswords, has allowed for them to radiate into new species dependent on these new environments

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9
Q

When was the adaptive radiation of the mammals? Why? Was this adaptive radiation the first time mammals were present on Earth?

A

The adaptive radiation of mammals was AFTER THE EXTINCTION OF DINOSAURS - this led to empty niches for which surviving organisms could survive

Not the first time mammals were present, but there were much fewer before then

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10
Q

TRUE/FALSE: More than half of the species on Earth have been described/named.

A

FALSE - only about 2M have been described

It is estimated that there are 5 - 30 million species yet to be discovered

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11
Q

Which of the extinctions, the Permian or Cretaceous, is the oldest?

A

Permian

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12
Q

According to the geological evidence, which event may have triggered the Permian mass extinction?

A

global warming caused by massive volcanic eruptions

-release of greenhouse gases leads to warming

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13
Q

According to the geological evidence, which event may have triggered the Cretaceous mass extinction?

A

combination of volcanic eruptions and asteroid

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14
Q

Mass extinctions are often followed by ______________.

A

Increase in diversity

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15
Q

Define Systematics

A

Study of the diversity of life

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16
Q

What is taxonomy and why is it important?

A

Name and Classification of Species

important in categorizing and organizing to better communicate species

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17
Q

Which classification is more broad: Phylum or Family?

A

Phylum

KPCOFGS

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18
Q

What is phylogeny?

What type of data is used to construct phylogenies?

What does a phylogeny tell us?

A

Evolutionary hypothesis of a group of organisms

morphological/molecular homologies

shows a pictorial representation of evolutionary history and common ancestry

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19
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Evolutionary patterns convey a goal of evolution

A

FALSE - evolutionary patterns do NOT convey a goal of evolution (it shows a common ancestor)

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20
Q

What is the difference between a derived characteristic and an ancestral characteristic?

A

Derived = new traits unique to a lineage

Ancestral = characteristic that was present in the common ancestor/ancestral group

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21
Q

Where is the common ancestor to all of the organisms noted in the phylogenies?

A

at the Root

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22
Q

What does a Node represent on a phylogeny tree?

A

Speciation Event / Common Ancestor

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23
Q

TRUE/FALSE: No extant species are more “primitive” or “advanced” than others

A

TRUE - these have evolved for an equal amount of time

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24
Q

What is a Clade in phylogeny trees?

A

group of organisms containing the COMMON ANCESTOR and ALL OF ITS DESCENDANTS

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25
Q

How do Cladogram, Phylograms, and Chronograms differ?

A

Cladogram = depicts relationships (BRANCH LENGTHS ARE NOT INFORMATIVE)

Phylogram = branch lengths are PROPORTIONAL to AMOUNT OF CHANGE

Chronogram = branch lengths are EXPLICITLY PROPORTIONAL TO TIME

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26
Q

Why is the streamlined body plan of penguins, seals, and sharks considered an analogous trait and not a homologous trait?

A

While they serve the same purpose (propulsion in water), they don’t have the same ancestral structural origin and evolved independently

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27
Q

Streamlined shape in whales and dolphins are ____________.

A

homologous

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28
Q

Streamlined shape in penguins, seals, and sharks are _________________.

A

analogous

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29
Q

What are some of the reasons we use phylogenies?

A
  1. Taxonomy/classification of biodiversity
  2. Trait Evolution
  3. Biogeographic patterns/distribution of biodiversity
  4. Understanding invasion biology
  5. Track disease agents
  6. Solve crimes
  7. Prioritize conservation decisions
  8. Date evolutionary events
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30
Q

Milk production by mammals when compared to other vertebrates is an example of a ________________.

A

shared derived character

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31
Q

When building a phylogenic tree, what does it mean when trying to achieve the most PARSIMONIOUS tree?

A

tree with the FEWEST number of trait changes

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32
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Animals are more evolved than plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea

A

FALSE - all extant organisms are EQUALLY evolved

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33
Q

How does animal heterotrophy differ from fungi?

A

Fungi absorb their food, animals engulf their food

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34
Q

What are the Three Characteristics of Animals?

A
  1. Nutritional Mode (injest food; enzymes to digest food WITHIN the body)
  2. Cell Structure and Specialization (multicellular eukaryotes)
    -LACK cell walls
    -structural proteins to stabilize cells
    -specialized cell types (muscle, nerves)
  3. Reproduction and Development
    -most reproduce sexually
    -some asexually
    -some both
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35
Q

In what two ways do Animals develop?

A
  1. Develop from immature form (humans, leopard, dolphin)
  2. Develop from larval stages via METAMORPHOSIS (butterflies)
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36
Q

What are the four components of Body Plans?

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Tissues
  3. Body Cavities
  4. Protostome or Deuterostome
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37
Q

What is Radial Symmetry? What lifestyle has this symmetry?

A

HAS top and bottom
NO left or right; front or back

LIFESTYLE:
-often sessile or planktonic (drifting)
-same/similar function on all sides

e.g., anemones, jellies

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38
Q

What is Bilateral Symmetry? What lifestyle has this symmetry?

A

Top (dorsal) and Bottom (ventral)
Left and Right
Front (anterior) and Back (posterior)

LIFESTYLE:
-Central Nervous System controls complex active movements

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39
Q

Which animal lacks tissues?

A

Porifera (sponges)

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40
Q

What are the 3 Germ Layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm = outer layer forms outer layer and CNS
  2. Endoderm = innermost later forms lining of digestive tract, liver, and lungs
  3. Mesoderm = only in bilaterally symmetrical organisms; found between the endo and ecto; forms muscles and most organs
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41
Q

What is a Body Cavity?

A

fluid or air-filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall

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42
Q

What is the Coelom of body cavities, and their functions?

A

“hollow” area

-suspension structure for organ attachment
-cushions organs
-allows independent movement and growth of organs

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43
Q

There are two early-stage developmental modes.

What are they and how are they defined?

A
  1. Protostome = “first mouth”
    -mouth develops first, then anus
  2. Deuterostome = “second mouth”
    -anus forms first, then mouth
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44
Q

What mode of development are humans?

A

Deuterostome

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45
Q

What would you predict animals with a radially symmetric body plan can do better than animals with a bilaterally symmetric body plan?

A

deal effectively with food distribution homogenously in 360 degrees

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46
Q

95% of all known animal species are ___________

A

invertebrates

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47
Q

What are some characteristics of Porifera (sponges)?

A

-LACK true tissue layers
-Sessile suspension feeders

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48
Q

When compared to Porifera (sponges), how is the Eumetazoa branch different? What are some examples?

A

have TRUE TISSUES, which Porifera LACK

This includes all animals EXCEPT for sponges

e.g., jellies, anemones, corals

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49
Q

Within Bilateria, what is unique about this branch? When did they occur?

A

BILATERAL SYMMETRY
-vast majority of extant animals

-diversified during the Cambrian explosion

50
Q

What possibly caused Bilateria?

A

-increase in ocean oxygen from photosynthesis
-prior major extinction events (which led to newly available niches)
-new coevolutionary dynamics from new body forms (hard parts, new feeding niches)

51
Q

What do changes in Hox gene expression lead to?

A

body plan innovation!

52
Q

What is the most PRESENT period of evolution?

A

Phanerozoic Eon
-evolution of diverse plant and animal lineages
-only 100my after Edicaran

53
Q

What did the Cambrian Explosion show?

A

evolution of hard body parts
-likely for protection against predation

54
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Only a fraction of Ediacaran fauna share traits with existing lineages

A

TRUE - almost all extinct within 40 million years

55
Q

The Cambrian Explosion was an exciting time for animal body plan innovation.

What genetic changes are thought to have contributed to the diversification of arthropod body plans during this time?

A

Changes in regulation of Hox genes

56
Q

As part of Bilateria, what are the Lophotrochozoa and examples?

A

-Very Diverse Body Plans

  1. Platyhelminthes
  2. Annelida
  3. Mollusca (squid, slugs, snails, clams, oysters)
57
Q

As part of Bilateria, what are the Ecysozoa and examples?

A

-shed tough cuticle coat during growth…ecdysis (molting)

  1. Nematoda - most abundant!
  2. Arthropods - most abundant!
  3. Crustacea
  4. Myriapoda
  5. Oncophora
  6. Hemiptera
58
Q

What is Ecdysis, or molting?

A

shed tough cuticle coat during growth

59
Q

An arthropod is considered to be cosmopolitan. What does this mean?

A

found nearly everywhere on earth

60
Q

What are some characteristics of Arthropods?

A

-cosmopolitan
-open circulatory system (hemolymph bathes organs)
-ventral, solid nerve cord
-hard exoskeleton (protection and desiccation resistance)

61
Q

What are the most diverse Arthropods?

A

Insects!

-live in all habitats
-wings are modified cuticles
-metamorphosis in many species

62
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major lineages of living Ecdysozoa:

Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Nematoda
Mollusca

A

Mollusca - it is a Lophotrochozoa

63
Q

As part of Deuterostomes, there are Echinoderms. What are their characteristics and examples?

A

-“spiny skin”
-slow-moving or sessile
-some are radially symmetric
-water vascular system

e.g., sea stars, sea urchins

64
Q

As part of Deuterostomes, there are Chordates. What are some examples?

A

-lancelets
-tunicates
-hagfishes
-vertebrates

65
Q

What are the 4 unifying characteristics of Chordates?

A
  1. Notochord - strong, flexible fluid-filled rod, gives rigidity to the body and allows muscles to move against it, degenerates by adulthood in many species but is present in embryos
  2. Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord - develops into CNS
  3. Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts - develop into gills of fish; parts of ears, head, and neck in tetrapods
  4. Muscular, Post-Anal Tail - movement in aquatic species, balance in terrestrial species, reduced in some, including humans -> coccyx
66
Q

Which of the following is not a major clade of bilaterian animals:

Eumetazoa
Lophotrochazoa
Ecdysozoa
Deuterotomia

A

Eumetazoa

67
Q

What are the characteristics of the Subphylum Vertebrata, of Chordates?

A

-distinct head
-vertebrae of bone or cartilage; cranium
-pharyngeal arches
-endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
-heart with 2-4 chambers
-coelom (body cavity) well developed with organ systems
-nearly always separate sexes

68
Q

Why do human embryos develop like fish?

A

Common ancestry!

69
Q

What does Paedomorphosis refer to?

A

retention of juvenile features

70
Q

What is one of the MAJOR KEY INNOVATIONS in vertebrate evolution

A

Jaws!

-mandibular arch evolved into biting structures of jaw
-hyoid arch evolved into jaw support structures
-the gill arch genes that formed these were from Hox genes!

71
Q

What makes Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) a dominant group of fishes?

A

-thin, lightweight scales
-fins highly maneuverable
-ossified vertebrae
-premaxilla and maxilla moveable
-swimbladder (takes in air to float - hydrostatic function)
-lateral line system

72
Q

Molecular and developmental evidence indicate that ____________ evolved from lungs.

A

gas bladders

73
Q

Fish can detect changes in surrounding water movement via ______________

A

lateral line organs
-sound
-vibration

74
Q

What is the purpose of otoliths within the capula?

A

helps to determine balance and change in surroundings with the flow of a liquid across the capula

75
Q

What colonized terrestrial environments first?

A

Prokaryotes

76
Q

What is the “Law of Succession?”

A

extinct fossil species typically succeeded (same region) by similar species

77
Q

What are some characteristics of Tetrapods?

A

-legs support weight on land and digits receive weight transfer
-“Neck” - atlas/axis
-pelvic girdle fused to backbone

78
Q

What are examples of Tetrapods?

A

amphibians, reptiles, mammals

79
Q

What is Tiktaalik and its importance?

A

-illuminates steps in tetrapod evolution
-transitional link between earlier and later forms

-broad skull
-flexible necks
-eyes on top (peek above water to look for prey)
-primitive wrist
-5 digits

80
Q

Where did Tiktaalik most likely live?

A

near warm shallow waters

81
Q

What is the Hedgehog gene?

A

gene made one end look different from the other (first seen in fruit flies, then seen in chickens)

-every limbed animal has the sonic hedgehog gene

82
Q

What are Hox Genes?

A

“Master switch genes”
-highly conserved across multicellular animals
-affect anterior to posterior position of structures in developing embryo body

MAP OF THE BODY PLAN

83
Q

What helps create new body plans?

A

Mutations!

84
Q

What are 3 key characteristics that animals have?

A
  1. NUTRITIONAL MODE: They are heterotrophs (ingest food and digest it via enzymes within the body
  2. CELL STRUCTURE & SPECIALIZATION: multicellular eukaryotes, lacking cells walls; use structural proteins to stabilize the cells (collagen)
  3. REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT: most reproduce sexually, other asexually and some both
85
Q

What are the ways that animals and other eukaryotes are different?

A

Specialized cell types and functions DIFFERENTIATE animals from other eukaryotes

e.g., muscle, nerves

86
Q

What are the ways that animals and fungi are similar?

A

Both are eukaryotic and heterotrophic

87
Q

What is the closest relative to animals? Was the ancestor of this organism and animals unicellular or multicellular?

A

choanoflagellates = common ancestor to ALL animals

unicellular

88
Q

What are the two specialized cell types in animals?

A

muscles cells and nerves

89
Q

What is Metamorphosis? Provide two examples of animals that undergo Metamorphosis during their lifetime

A

a multi-step developmental transformation of an organism from larval stages into an adult form

e.g., butterflies, frogs

90
Q

Describe reproduction and development in animals

A
  1. Performed mostly sexually (but can also be asexually, or both, in some animals)
  2. A flagellated sperm fertilizes an egg - forming the zygote
  3. Rapid cellular division, or cleavage, occurs until a Blastula, a hollow ball of cells, is formed
  4. Gastrulation occurs in the Blastula, leaving an in-folding of cells to create a multilayer structure - this is now called the Gastrula
91
Q

How is animal reproduction similar to the reproduction of plants? How do they differ?

A

SIMILAR:
-male and female gamete
-reproduce sexually

DIFFER:
-plants undergo both mitosis and meiosis, animals just under meiosis
-eggs in animals differ in form than ovule of plant

92
Q

Provide examples of animals with RADIAL symmetry and animals with BILATERAL symmetry

A

RADIAL:
-anemones
-jellies
-sea stars

BILATERAL:
-humans
-crab
-butterfly

93
Q

What are the 3 germ layers and what do these each become?

A
  1. Ectoderm - becomes the CNS
  2. Endoderm - becomes the digestive tract, liver, and lungs
  3. Mesoderm - becomes muscles and most organs (only found in bilaterally symmetrical organisms)
94
Q

What is a coelom and what are some of its functions?

A

Coelom = fluid or air-filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall

-suspension structure for organ attachment
-cushions organs
-allows independent movement and growth of organs

95
Q

What is the difference between a Protostome and a Deuterostome?

A

Protostome (“first mouth”) is the developmental mode where the mouth forms first, then the anus

Deuterostome (“second mouth”) is the developmental mode where the anus forms first then the mouth

96
Q

What is a key characteristic of invertebrates? Name an example.

A

NO BACKBONE

e.g., anemones, jellies, corals, Mollusca

97
Q

Are humans part of the group Eumetazoa? What is a derived trait for organisms that are in Eumetazoa?

A

Yes - this is because of the derived trait of “true tissues”

98
Q

Is Eumetazoa considered monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

Monophyletic

99
Q

What is hemolymph? What type of organisms have this?

A

a fluid, similar to blood, in invertebrates that bathes their organs as part of their “open” circulatory systems

-found in invertebrates

100
Q

Provide an example of the coevolution of insects with angiosperms.

A

Coevolution is when two or more species that interact with each other regularly evolve in response to each other’s adaptations

through cross-pollination, angiosperms may adapt to a larger/smaller size to attract and be able to withstand insects without damage

insects, in turn, can adapt to have longer/shorter proboscis dependent on the angiosperm flower

101
Q

Is a chordate always a vertebrate? Why why not? Is a vertebrate always a chordate?

A

NO - cephalochordates (lancelet) and urochordates (tunicates) contain a notochord (skeletal rod) while vertebrates contain a vertebral column not seen in the other two

Vertebrates are ALWAYS a chordate though, as they first contain a notochord during development that transitions into a vertebral column

102
Q

What is the difference between a species that is Endothermic vs Ectothermic?

A

Endothermic = can internally regulate temperature
Ectothermic = rely on outside environment to regulate temperature

103
Q

What is Amnion and its function? What types of animals have Amnion?

A

Amnion = fluid that supports the embryo (via eggs, liberated from water)

e.g., reptiles, birds, mammals

104
Q

How are amphibians and reptiles similar? Different?

A

SIMILAR:
-ectothermic
-double circulation
-keratinized epidermis

DIFFERENT:
-reptiles have amniotic eggs, amphibians have delicate, jelly-coated eggs (in water) - NO LARVAL STAGE
-reptiles not dependent on aquatic habitats for reproduction
-amphibians are metamorphic

105
Q

How do mammals differ from other animals? List 3

A
  1. Mammary Glands - production of milk to feed offspring
  2. Have Hair/Fur
  3. Are Warm-Blooded
  4. Sweat Glands
  5. Diaphragm
  6. Differentiated Teeth
106
Q

What are Hox genes and what do they do?

A

genes that encode transcription factors and are essential during embryonic development

-MAP the body plan
-changes to Hox gene expression lead to BODY PLAN INNOVATION!

107
Q

What 4 characteristics do ALL chordates have some time during their development?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. Muscular, post-anal tail
108
Q

What are temporal openings and what do they achieve?

How many temporal opening are in:
1. Anapsids
2. Synapsids
3. Diapsids

A

openings on the skull that PERMIT WIDER GAPE by allowing more attachment sites for jaw musculature

Anapsids = 0 (e.g., most turtles)
Synapsids = 1 (e.g., mammals, some turtles)
Diapsids = 2 (e.g., lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds)

109
Q

In comparison to fish, what type of circulation do mammals have?

A

Double circulation

-fish have single circulation

110
Q

What are some modifications for flight in birds?

A

-feathers
-hollow bones
-reduced forearm bones
-sternum with keel

111
Q

Who are the most recent common ancestors of birds?

A

dinosaurs (~150mya)

112
Q

Which extant species is most closely related to humans?

A

Chimpanzee and Bonobo

113
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Feathers evolved with birds.

A

FALSE - they evolved long before birds with a group of Theropod Dinosaurs

114
Q

How do marsupial and eutherian mammals differ?

A

Marsupials = pouch (embryo does not plant in the uterus)
Eutherian mammals = placenta

Euth > Gestation (smaller in Marsupials)
Mars. Longer lactation (less in Euth.)

115
Q

How do monotremes differ from other mammals? Provide an example of a monotreme.

A

Monotremes = egg-laying mammals
-milk oozes out of specialized sebaceous (sweat) glands
-eggs incubate for a short time
-have a urogenital opening called cloaca

e.g., platypus

116
Q

A sugar glider is a marsupial while a flying squirrel is a placental mammal. Both types of mammals have extra skin connecting their forelimbs and hindlimbs, allowing the animals to “glide” when they jump from branch to branch in a tree.

Is this extra skin an analogous trait or a homologous trait?

An example of divergent evolution or convergent evolution?

A

Analogous Trait

Convergent Evolution

117
Q

What are the characteristics of primates?

A

-opposable thumbs
-developed brains
-sociality

118
Q

What are ways in which humans differ from their closest extant relative?

A

Adaptions to RUNNING!
-longer legs
-arched feet
-can beat a horse in a longer-distance run

Preserving food

119
Q

Likely, did mammals evolve from anapsids, synapsids, or diapsids?

A

Synapsids - 1 temporal opening

120
Q

What is the Intermediate between reptiles and mammals?

A

Cynodonts

121
Q

The genomes of humans and chimpanzees are 99% identical.

What makes us different?

A

~19 regulatory genes differ in expression (mutations in expression)

changes in climate (cooler and drier) decreased forest area and promoted expansion into these grasslands, with novel food resources

122
Q

Cultural evolution can lead to mismatch diseases (poorly adapted) in modern humans.

Give an example of this.

A

-crowding of teeth
-impacted wisdom teeth
-dental caries/cavities

BIO-203: Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity (3 decks)

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