Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ecology BIO 304 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecological community?

A

A group of interacting species living in a particular area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physical structure defined by?

A

Species composition, abundance, and spatial distribution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors cause vertical stratification in terrestrial environments?

A

Light, Moisture, and Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What factors cause vertical stratification in aquatic environments?

A

Light availability, temperature, and nutrient distribution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What effect does vertical structure have on diversity?

A

It increases niche diversity and supports more species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are properties of zonation?

A

Changes in altitude, latitude, tidal level, or distance from shore.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is species evenness?

A

Relative abundance of species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a rank abundance curve show?

A

Species abundance distribution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

Has an extremely disproportionate impact on community structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a dominant species?

A

The most abundant species, but not necessarily influential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

Gradual, predictable changes in community composition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What communities are associated with initial and final stages of succession?

A

Initial: Pioneer Species
Final: Climax community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is primary succession?

A

It starts on a new community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

It starts from a disturbance (eg. forest fire)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the discrete succession process?

A

Discrete suggests distinct stages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the continuum succession process?

A

Continuum envisions a gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three models used to explain successional changes?

A

Facilitation, Inhibition, and Tolerance models.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is heterotrophic succession?

A

The process by which decomposers break down dead organic matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is plant succession?

A

The process by which different plant species colonize and replace each other over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is autogenic environmental change?

A

Changes cause by the community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Allogenic environmental change?

A

External factors drive change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does species diversity change during succession?

A

Increases initially, stabilizes, may decrease with time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

Intermediate levels of disturbance are necessary to maintain high levels of species diversity in ecosystems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a landscape?

A

Heterogeneous area composed of interacting ecosystems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What factors influence dynamics within a habitat patch?

A

Patch size, shape, and connectivity,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What role does a patch perimeter and area play in patch composition?

A

They affect the movement and dispersal of organisms, the availability of resources, and the interactions between species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the effects of habitat fragmentation on plants and animals?

A

Reduced population size, increased edge effects, changes in species compositon, disruption of ecological processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does fragmentation affect animal movement?

A

It can create movement barriers and change movement patterns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is edge affect?

A

Changes in population or community structures at the boundary of two habitats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an ecotone?

A

A transitional area between two ecosystems exhibiting characteristics of both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the equilibrium theory of island biogeography?

A

It explains species richnees on islands considering immigration and extinction rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What factors determine the expected number of species on an island?

A

Immigration and extinction rates.

34
Q

If given spatial information about two different islands, what determines the relative equilibrium species number of each island?

A

Larger islands and closer islands typically have more species.

35
Q

What is a metapopulation?

A

A population of populations linked by migration.

36
Q

What factors influence the distribution of a metapopulation among habitat patches?

A

Habitat quality, patch size, and isolation.

37
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A biological community and its abiotic environment interacting as a functional unit.

38
Q

What are ecosystems components?

A

Biotic and abiotic

39
Q

Are ecosystems open or closed?

A

They are open systems that exchange energy and matter with their surroundings.

40
Q

What are major inputs of ecosystems?

A

Solar energy and nutrients

41
Q

What are major outputs of ecosystems?

A

Heat and Waste

42
Q

What is primary productivity?

A

The rate of biomass production by autotrophs.

43
Q

How do GPP and NPP differ?

A

GPP is total photosynthesis and NPP is GPP minus respiration.

44
Q

How do we measure primary production and standing crop biomass?

A

Satellite data for primary production and biomass sampling for standing crop

45
Q

What are some of the large-scale trends in productivity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

A

Terrestrial productivity tends to decrease with increasing latitude. Aquatic productivity varies with nutrient availability.

46
Q

What limits productivity in various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

A

Nutrient availability, temperature, and water availability.

47
Q

How do producers allocate productivity to biomass?

A

Plants allocate due to environmental conditions and nutrient availability.

48
Q

How does biomass allocation vary with age and with plant type?

A

Young plants allocate more to growth and older plants allocate more to reproduction.

49
Q

What are the patterns in root-to-shoot ratios and biomass distribution?

A

Varies among plant species and environmental condition.

50
Q

What is secondary production?

A

The generation of biomass by heterotrophic organisms

51
Q

What are the different ways in which energy is used by secondary producers?

A

Metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

52
Q

What is assimilation efficiency?

A

Proportion of ingested food that is assimilated.

53
Q

What is production efficency?

A

Proportion of assimilated energy converted into biomass.

54
Q

What is consumption efficiency?

A

Maximizing value of consumption with the least amount of energy used.

55
Q

How does energy flow through different kinds of ecosystems?

A

Through trophic levels. (eg. Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers)

56
Q

What is trophic transfer efficiency?

A

The percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next.

57
Q

What is the 10% rule?

A

Only 10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next, with the rest lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

58
Q

How do biomass pyramids differ in various ecosystems?

A

Biomass pyramids can be upright, inverted, or pyramid-shaped, reflecting variations in energy transfer efficiency and the structure of ecosystems.

59
Q

What is meant by Human appropriation of NPP?

A

Human use of earth’s NPP.

60
Q

What are the major types of decomposer organisms?

A

Bacteria, fungi, and insects/earthworms

61
Q

What factors affect rates of decomposition of plant material?

A

Temperature, moisture, nutrient availability, and the composition of the plant material.

62
Q

What is immobilization?

A

The conversion of inorganic nutrients into organic forms by microbes, making them temporarily unavailable.

63
Q

What is mineralization?

A

converting organic nutrients into inorganic forms, making them available for plant uptake.

64
Q

How do plants, bacteria/fungi, and other consumers in soil impact rates of nutrient cycling?

A

Plants contribute organic material to the soil through litter, bacteria decompose organic matter releasing nutrients, and other consumers can further influence nutrient cycling by excreting waste.

65
Q

How does nutrient movement differ from energy movement in ecosystems?

A

Nutrients are recycled within ecosystems, while energy is a one-way flow.

66
Q

How do nutrient dynamics differ in a tropical forest from a temperate forest?

A

Nutrient cycling is often more rapid in tropical forests due to higher temperatures and decomposition rates.

67
Q

How is nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems similar to and different from nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Similarities include the basic nutrient cycles, but aquatic ecosystems may have unique processes due to water movement and the absence of some terrestrial features.

68
Q

What is the river continuum?

A

Changes in physical and biological characteristics of a river ecosystems along its length.

69
Q

What is nutrient spiraling?

A

The cycling of nutrients down stream in a flowing water system.

70
Q

What are the general pools and fluxes in the global carbon cycle?

A

Pools include the atmospshere, oceans, soil and living organisms. Fluxes involve processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.

71
Q

What are the major pools and fluxes in the global nitrogen cycle?

A

Pools: atmosphere, soil, living organisms
Fluxes: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification.

72
Q

What is Nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen gas to ammonia, bacteria responsible

73
Q

What is nitrogen mineralization?

A

Organic nitrogen to ammonium; decomposer microbes responsible.

74
Q

What is nitrogen immobilization?

A

Ammonium to organic nitrogen; microbes responsible.

75
Q

What is nitrogen ammonification?

A

Organic nitrogen to ammonium; decomposers responsible

76
Q

What is nitrogen nitrification?

A

ammonium to nitrite; bacteria responsible.

77
Q

What is nitrogen denitrification?

A

Nitrate to nitrogen gas; bacteria responsible.

78
Q

What is leaching?

A

movement of nutrients through soil often into water bodies.

79
Q

What are the largest pools and fluxes of the global sulfur cycle?

A

Pools: oceans, sedimentary rocks, living organisms.
Fluxes: Weathering, volcanic emissions, human activity.

80
Q

What are the largest pools and fluxes of the global phosphorous cycle?

A

Pools: sedimentary rocks, oceans, living organisms.
Fluxes: Weathering, erosion, runoff.

81
Q

How have humans affected these biogeochemical cycles?

A

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes have altered these cycles by releasing large amounts of stored nutrients into the environment.

Ecology BIO 304 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions