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Anatomy > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A

the flow of blood between the heart and organs of the body

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2
Q

what is the function of the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve?

A

the prevent blood from flowing into the right atrium

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3
Q

which structure of the heart is responsible for its’ inherent rhythmicity

A

sinoatrial node

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4
Q

which layer of the heart is a serous membrane?

A

epicardium

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5
Q

in the cardiac cycle, what happens immediately after ventricular systole ends?

A

both the atria and ventricles fill with blood

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6
Q

which structures found at the connection between adjacent cardiac muscles are responsible for the quick transmission of a signal for the heart muscle cells to contract?

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

you have type O blood. what type of antibodies would you produce if exposed to A+ blood?

A

anti-A and anti-Rh

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8
Q

which capillary type allows for the greatest movement of large molecules across the capillary wall?

A

sinusoidal

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9
Q

what best describes the following pathway: heart > artery > capillary bed > vein > capillary bed > vein > heart

A

portal system

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10
Q

what part of a blood vessel contains the vaso vasorum?

A

tunica externa

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11
Q

which structures allow blood to pass through a capillary bed when the precapillary sphincters are closed?

A

metarterioles and thoroughfare channels

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12
Q

which type of artery is defined as being closest to the heart and having the largest diameter?

A

elastic artery

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13
Q

what makes up the formed elements of the blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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14
Q

what causes anemia?

A

a low red blood cell count

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15
Q

veins contain valves. What are those valves made of?

A

tunica intima

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16
Q

what part of a neuron contains the cell nucleus?

A

cell body

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17
Q

what is a bundle of myelinated axons contained within the central nervous system called?

A

tract

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18
Q

multiple sclerosis is a degenerative condition of the CNS that is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Which cell is being attacked by the immune system?

A

oligodendrocyte

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19
Q

which pathway best depicts a polysynaptic reflex arc?

A

sensory neuron > interneuron > motor neuron

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20
Q

a somatic motor neuron carries what type of information?

A

motor commands to the skeletal musculature

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21
Q

which cell type would not be found in the central nervous system

A

satellite cell

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22
Q

what cell type is a macrophage of the central nervous system

A

microglical

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23
Q

the two cerebral hemispheres exhibit different functions and can operate independently of one another. in other words, each of the hemispheres is dominant for specific functions. what term is used to describe the function independence of the two hemispheres?

A

lateralization

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24
Q

what is a motor unit

A

one somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it serves

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25
Q

which type of fiber tract connects two locations within a single cerebral hemisphere?

A

association

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26
Q

what is the epineurium?

A

a dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a nerve

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27
Q

the basal ganglia work with the cerebral cortex to help planned movements. which of the following conditions is caused by a failure in the basal ganglia pathway?

A

parkinson’s disease

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28
Q

which structures make up the brainstem?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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29
Q

from which developmental region does the epithalamus develop?

A

diencephalon

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30
Q

what might a motor neuron look like

A

multipolar with its’ cell body in the gray matter of the spinal cord

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31
Q

which regions of the cerebral cortex have a homunculus

A

primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex

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32
Q

the white matter of the brain gets its look from the fatty, insulatory cells it contains. which cells are these, and what structures do they surround?

A

oligodendrocytes, axons

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33
Q

what is true of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

it receives sensory information coming from the skin

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34
Q

where is Wenicke’s area located, and what is it’s function

A

temporal lobe; for recognition of the spoken work

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35
Q

after suffering a severe head trauma, an individual exhibited a major change in personality. damage to what region would have caused this

A

prefrontal cortex

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36
Q

what is secreted by the epithalamus and what is it’s function

A

melatonin; initiate sleep

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37
Q

what are the meningeal laters surrounding the spinal cord?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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38
Q

which structure of the spinal cord exists because of the large number of neurons entering and exiting the spinal cord to serve the upper limbs

A

cervical enlargement

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39
Q

which two regions of the brain are considered to be the two major visceral control centers?

A

medulla oblangata and hypothalamus

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40
Q

what is a primary function of the cerebellum

A

coordination of movement

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41
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid

A

a blood filtrate produced by the choriod plexus

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42
Q

which of the following would you find in a nerve

A

sensory neuron, schwann cell, motor neuron, dense connective tissue

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43
Q

what would you not find in a nerve

A

interneuron

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44
Q

the sciatic nerve is a large nerve that serves the posterior region of the lower limb. which plexus does it arise from

A

sacral

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45
Q

which division of the automatic nervous system initiates a short term response that mobilizes the body during an extreme situation

A

sympathetic

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46
Q

which neurotransmitter is released at a neuromuscular junction of a motor unit

A

acetylcholine

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47
Q

where do the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the automatic nervous system synapse

A

within sympathetic chain ganglia

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48
Q

what is the systemic circuit

A

route between the heart and tissues of the body (other than the lungs)

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49
Q

route of the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle > aorta > cells of body > veins > right atrium

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50
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

tough outer layer of sac that anchors heart and prevents overfilling
dense irregular CT

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51
Q

what makes up the serous pericardium

A

parietal, visceral
pericardial cavity

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52
Q

parietal layer of heart

A

inner layer of sac, secretes serous fluid

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53
Q

visceral layer of heart

A

outer layer of sac, secretes serous fluid

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54
Q

paricardial cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral; filled with serous fluid

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55
Q

what is the myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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56
Q

what is the endocardium made up of (cell type)

A

simple squamous epith

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57
Q

right atrium: veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava - large veins that return deoxygenated blood

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58
Q

R. atrioventricular: tricuspid valve

A

separates right atrium from the right ventricle

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59
Q

right ventricle: chordae tendineae

A

dense reg CT that attaches cusps of tricuspid valve to ventricle wall by the papillary muscle and the pulmonary semilunar valve

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60
Q

what is the papillary muscle of the heart

A

projection of cardiac muscle

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61
Q

what does the pulmonary semilunar valve do

A

separates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk (artery)

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62
Q

Left atrium - veins

A

return oxygenated blood to heart from lungs

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63
Q

L. atrioventricular valve: bicuspid/mitral

A

separates left atrium from left ventricle

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64
Q

left ventrical: chordae tendinae

A

dense regular CT that attaches cusps of bicuspid valve to ventricular wall by papillary muscle, aortic semilunar valve, and myocardium

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65
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

separates left ventricle from aorta

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66
Q

myocardium

A

left ventricle has the thickest layer of cardiac muscle

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67
Q

blood flow thru the heart

A

blood low in oxygen enters right atrium –(thru tricuspid)–> right ventricle –(pulmonary semilunar)–> lungs > left atrium –(thru biscupid)–> left ventricle –(semilunar valve)–> oxygenated blood to the body

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68
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

in right atrium, initiates electrical impulse (pacemaker)

69
Q

internodal pathway

A

carries impulse away from SA node to AV node

70
Q

atrioventricular node

A

delays impulse before passed on to ventricles

71
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

barrier between atria and ventricles that prevents an electrical impulse from passing

72
Q

atria contract what way

A

top to bottom

73
Q

ventricles contract what way

A

bottom to top

74
Q

right coronary artery deoxygenated or oxygenated

A

deoxygenated

75
Q

layers of vessel walls

A

tunica intima- endothelium (simple squa), subendothelial layer (loose areolar CT)
tunica media

76
Q

arterial walls vs veins

A

thicker and stronger than veins under higher pressure

77
Q

tunica externa of veins vs arteries

A

veins are of equal thickness or thicker

78
Q

tunica media of artery vs veins

A

artery thicker with more elastic fibers

79
Q

elastic artery

A

largest - branches near heart
high concentration of elastin in tunica media - quick recoil

80
Q

muscular artery - tunica media

A

less elastin and more smooth muscle; more control over lumen size

81
Q

sheets of elastin surround and support smooth muscle

A

internal and external elastic membrane

82
Q

arterioles

A

branches of muscular arteries, constrict and dilate quickly, larger (all 3 tunics and lamina), smaller (tunica media and endothelium only)
smaller as it approaches capillaries

83
Q

capillary permeability

A

continuous > fenestrated > sinusoidal

84
Q

veins

A

thinner walls that comparable arteries - lower blood pressure
venules (drain capillaries) < medium (drain venules) < large (drain large regions back towards heart)
have valves

85
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

complete cells, diapedesis (squeeze thru capillary walls), immune response

86
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal Cord
integration and interpretation of sensory input
dictates motor reponse

87
Q

Periipheral Nervous system

A

cranial nerves and branches
spinal nerves and branches

88
Q

neurons transport sensory input

A

towards CNS

89
Q

neurons transport motor input

A

away from CNS

90
Q
A
91
Q

sensory receptors monitor what changes

A

external and internal

92
Q

integration (nervous system)

A

activation of neurons processed by brain

93
Q

peripheral nervous system has what neurons

A

sensory and motor

94
Q

CNS has what neurons

A

interneurons

95
Q

neurons

A

able to respond to stimulus and carry electrical impulse - excitable cells

96
Q

supporting cells

A

help neurons to function effectively- non excitable

97
Q

cell body (soma) contains

A

single nucleus and organelles

98
Q

dendrite

A

receptive regions, carry info to cell body

99
Q

axon

A

carry info away from cell body, one per neuron, can be short or long, end at axon terminals, often surrounded by myelin sheath

100
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates axon so action potential can travel more quickly

101
Q

schwann cells

A

in PNS wrap around axon

102
Q

myelinated axon

A

schwann cell wraps single axon, faster conduction

103
Q

unmyelinated axon

A

schwann cell surrounds multiple axons, slower conduction

104
Q

myelin sheaths in PNS

A

insulates axons so action potential travels more quickly

105
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

cell that forms myelin sheath in CNS, multiple processes, each wrapping around an axon of a different interneuron

106
Q

multipolar neuron

A

most common, axon and multiple dendrites, motor neurons and interneurons

107
Q

bipolar neuron

A

only found in few locations, axon and single dendrites attached at cell body, special sensory neurons

108
Q

unipolar neuron

A

typical sensory neuron, single axon connected via short process to cell body

109
Q

which type of cell of the nervous system carrie’s an electrical impulse toward the CNS

A

afferent neuron

110
Q

sensory neuron - PNS

A

afferent, cell bodies clustered in ganglia, unipolar

111
Q

motor neuron - PNS

A

efferent, cell bodies within CNS, multipolar

112
Q

interneurons - CNS

A

majority of neurons of body, multipolar

113
Q

the PNS is split into visceral and somatic divisions. which are included in the visceral?

A

liver, stomach, heart, blood vessels, lungs
(visceral = internal organs)

114
Q

visceral functions

A

viscera are the organs within body cavities (smooth muscle)

115
Q

somatic functions

A

skeletal muscle, skin

116
Q

structure of nerve

A

cells - neuron, schwann
CT
blood vessels

117
Q

what is the CT covering the fascicle of nerve fibers called

A

perineurium

118
Q

structure of nerve - endo durian

A

surrounds axon, thin reticular CT

119
Q

structure of nerve - perineurium

A

surrounds fascicle of axons, fibrous CT

120
Q

structure of nerve - epineurium

A

surrounds whole nerve, dense irregular CT

121
Q

synapse

A

site where neurons communicate with each other/other cells

122
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

carrie’s impulse towards synapse, end at axon terminals

123
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

carries impulse away from synapse (activated neuron)

124
Q

axon terminals

A

synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (“bubble” moving action potential down to axon terminal, “popping” and merging into membrane)

125
Q

neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine
released into synaptic cleft between synapsing neurons

126
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

presynaptic axon to postsynaptic dendrite

127
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

presynaptic axon to postsynaptic cell body

128
Q

axoaxonic

A

presynaptic axon to postsynaptic axon

129
Q

supporting cells of CNS

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

130
Q

supporting cells of PNS

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

131
Q

astrocyte

A

supporting cells surrounding capillaries and neurons, transfer glucose, take up excess neurotransmitters

132
Q

microglia

A

smallest and least abundant supporting cell, protects brain from pathogens, macrophages!!!

133
Q

ependymal cells

A

supporting cell, make up ciliated simple cuboidal epith of CNS
ventricles is brain, central canal of spinal cord, cilia aid circulation of cerebral spinal fluid

134
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath surrounding axons of CNS

135
Q

satellite cells

A

around cell body, prevent info crossover where cell bodies are crowded

136
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies

137
Q

what capillary rich structure found within the brain ventricles produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

138
Q

which structure of the neuron do oligodendrocytes surround

A

axons

139
Q

what does the telencephalon develop into

A

cerebrum

140
Q

what does the mesencephalon develop into

A

midbrain

141
Q

what does the metencephalon develop into

A

cerebellum and pons

142
Q

what does the myencephalon develop into

A

medulla oblangata

143
Q

what makes up the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata

144
Q

cortex

A

cognition, personality, interpretation of sensory impulses, initiation of voluntary movement, communication

145
Q

projection fibers in the brain

A

allows communication between cortex and nervous system (decussation - fiber crossover left and right)

146
Q

commissural fibers in brain

A

communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres

147
Q

cortex processing areas

A

sensory, motor, association areas (largest)

148
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex and premotor cortex (association area, coordination of learned motor skills)

149
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

personality, cognition, intellect

150
Q

parietal lobe

A

input and interpretation of sensory information coming from somatic senses

151
Q

temporal lobe

A

sounds sensory info from inner ear, smell from nasal cavity

152
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex, visual association area

153
Q

insula

A

middle of brain, gustatory cortex (taste)

154
Q

basal nuclei (ganglia)

A

clusters of cell bodies deep to white matter of cerebrum, work with cerebral cortex for motor movements, unconscious control of skeletal muscles, striatum (intensity of movement)

155
Q

amygdala

A

memory of fear, regulates anger, response to social cues

156
Q

the diencephalon consists of which structures of the brain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

157
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflexes - ability to follow movements

158
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflexes

159
Q

pons brain

A

regulates respiration, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum

160
Q

cerebellum

A

smooths and coordinates muscle movement - current, planned, equilibrium (inner ear)

161
Q

medulla oblangata

A

basic life support functions

162
Q

which of the protective features surrounding the brain would also be found protecting the spinal cord

A

bone, meninges (travel down thru canal), CSF

163
Q

protective structures of the spinal cord

A

subarachnoid space (circulating CSF)
epidural space (fat filled space around dura mater)

164
Q

major fiber tracts in white matter of the spinal cord

A

ascending - sensory interneuron axons
descending - motor interneuron axons

165
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

dorsal horn - motor function leave spinal cord
lateral horn - sensory function enter spinal cord
ventral horn - visceral motor neurons below cervical regions

166
Q

dorsal roots transport …

A

sensory

167
Q

ventral roots transport ….

A

motor

168
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

axon terminals of sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neuron within spinal cord

169
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

axon terminals of sensory neurons connected via one or more interneurons to a motor neuron

Anatomy (2 decks)

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