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Exam 3 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is GINA for?

A

Protect against the use of genetic information to discriminate in health insurance and employment

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2
Q

Allostasis

A

The process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis // The body’s adaptation to predictable and unpredictable changes in the environment

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3
Q

Allostatic Load

A

The cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events // The cost of chronic exposure to elevated / fluctuating internal responses d/t chronic or repeated challenges that the person experiences as stress

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4
Q

Stress

A

Body’s response to changing factors within yourself / the environment

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5
Q

Epigenomics

A

Study of molecular signals that tell genomes how to behave and their relationships to health

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

Non-genetic influences on gene expression

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7
Q

DNA methylation

A

Methyl molecule blocks transcription which results in lack of protein synthesis

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8
Q

Barker Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that states adverse fetal life context leads to increased risk of adult disease

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9
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity and the transmission of characteristics from across genetics

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10
Q

Gentotype

A

Molecular structure of organism, expressed via production of protein

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism

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12
Q

What is the complex disease phenotype pathway

A

Genetic susceptibility -> exposure -> epigenetic modification -> complex disease

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13
Q

What is the exposome

A

General external environment, specific external environment, internal environment

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14
Q

What are the objectives of epidemiology

A

Population, determinants of health, distribution, frequency, disease causation, application

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15
Q

What is the epidemiologic triangle

A

Relationship between agent, host, and environment related to communicable diseases

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16
Q

What is the web of causation

A

Map like model to investigate relationships r/t chronic diseases

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17
Q

What is the surveillance method of epidemiology

A

Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data essentials

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18
Q

What is the descriptive method of epidemiology

A

Describing who, what, when, and where

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19
Q

What is the analytic method of epidemiology

A

Examine relationships between who, what, when, where to determine the why

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20
Q

What is the formula for rate

A

number of occurrences in a time period / total population in a time period (all times K)

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21
Q

What is the formula for risk

A

number of people who experience an event / # of all people who are at risk for experiencing the event

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22
Q

What is the formula for odds

A

number of people who experience an event / # of all people who DO NOT experience the event

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23
Q

Morbidity

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A

State of being symptomatic / unhealthy for a disease or condition

24
Q

Incidence

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A

number of new cases / estimated population at risk of developing it [all multiplies by 1000]

25
Prevalence
number of current cases / estimated population at risk during the same time period [all x1000]
26
Mortality
The state of being subject to death
27
Years of potential life lost
How many people, who could have lived and contributed to nation's well being, died prematurely
28
Sensitivity
Ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease
29
A test with poor sensitivity will have more what
False negatives
30
Specificity
Ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease
31
A test with poor specificity will have more what
False positives
32
Reliability
Yeilding consistent results on repeated attempts
33
Validity
Accurately reflects, assess, or captures the concept the researcher is trying to measure
34
What is the whole school, whole community, whole child model
A CDC model that is student centered with an emphasis on the role of the community in supporting the school
35
What are the 10 components of the whole school, whole community, whole child model
physical education and activity nutrition environment and services health education social and emotional climate physical environment health services counseling, psychological, and social services employee wellness community involvement family engagement
36
What is the social security act
Provides assistance to older adults, the unemployed, widows, children, child's welfare, health department grants, and maternal/child projects
37
What is the public health act
Consolidated all existing public health legislation and created health services for migratory workers, family planning services, health research facilities, the NIH, nurse training acts, prevention and primary care services, and rural health
38
Advocacy
The act / process of supporting a cause / proposal, this can gain attention and focus on a topic for a community
39
Lobbying
Promoting / securing the passage of legislation by influencing officials, this is aimed at those in power to influence policies or legislations
40
The baylor plan for teachers
First early modern health insurance
41
McCarran-Ferguson act
Returned insurance regulation back to the states
42
Hill-Burton act
Provided construction grants and loans to build hospitals where they were needed and would be sustainable
43
COBRA
Mandates an insurance program which gives some employees the ability to continue coverage after leaving employment (this is super expensive)
44
EMTALA
Requires hospitals with ER to provide screening and exams to anyone who comes there, this prohibits ER from refusing people
45
State children's health insurance plan
This allows children from low income families to receive state funded insurance
46
Medicare modernization act
Provides seniors and people with disabilities with some prescription drug benefit and more choices / benefit options
47
National federation of independent business v. sebelius
Upheld the individual mandate for health insurance but ruled that the mandatory medicaid eligibility expansion was unconstitutional
48
First phase of us health system
People avoided hospitals, family / friends provided care at home, health concerns were mostly related to social and public health issues
49
Second phase of us health system
Focus shifted to controlling acute infectious diseases with new water purity, sanitary sewage disposal, and housing efforts
50
Third phase of us health system
Focus shifted from acute to chronic health problems with major technological advances, start of community based clinics, nurse practitioners, and nurse midwives, increased role of insurance companies
51
Fourth phase of us health system
Emphasis placed on containing costs, restricting growth in healthcare industries, and reorganizing care delivery, more knowledgeable society with internet and computers, sicker patients, shorter inpatient stays, and more intensive care needed for patients
52
medicare A
covers hospitals, facilities, some home health, some hospice services, and some skilled nursing care facilities
53
medicare B
covers outpatient care, home health, equipment, supplies, labs, ambulance, and preventative services
54
medicare C
expands options for those receiving medicare, includes HMO and PPO
55
medicare D
provides prescription drug coverage with premiums, deductibles, and copayments

Public Health (2 decks)

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