EXAM 3 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
What role does pigment in fungi play?
A
Protective role against ultraviolet radiation
2
Q
The rigid layers of fungal cell walls contain complex polysaccharides called?
A
Chitin and Glucan
3
Q
Chitin provides…?
A
structural strength to cell walls of fungi
4
Q
Fungal plasma membranes are stabilized by?
A
Ergosterol
5
Q
What is Ergosterol?
A
Steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes
6
Q
Chytrid
A
Type of fungi that live in aquatic environments and are the only fungi that are flagellated
7
Q
What is the main fungus body called
A
Mycelium
8
Q
Mycelium
A
Network of threat like hyphae (hypha singular) often unseen either underground or within the host
9
Q
Septate hyphae
A
hyphae that is split into various cells
10
Q
Coenocytic hypha
A
multinucleate organism with no cross section cell walls
11
Q
What makes fungi absorptive heterotrophs
A
They hyphae feed by absorbing simple organic compounds
12
Q
Saprobes
A
Fungi that feed on decaying / dead plant matter
13
Q
Haustoria
A
Specialized hyphae that penetrates the cell walls of the host plant without killing the cell
14
Q
Fungal Reproduction
A
Can be sexual and asexual spores
Spores are haploid and dispersed by air/water to new resources
15
Q
Asexual Fungal Reproduction
A
Asexual spores are made through mitosis and grow genetically identical mycelia
16
Q
Types of Asexual spores
A
Conidiospores and sporangiospores
17
Q
Conidiospores
A
Where the hyphae is created and has no reproductive sac and are released directly
18
Q
Sporangiospores
A
Contain special reproductive sac where spores are released from.
19
Q
Asexual fungal reproduction produces…
A
genetically identical mycelium
20
Q
budding
A
Bulge forms on side of the cell, nucleus divides through mitosis and detaches itself from the mother cell.
20
Q
Fragmentation
A
bits of mycelium can grow into new individual mycelium.
21
Q
Sexual reproduction happens in fungi when…
A
environmental conditions are unfavorable
22
Q
Do fungi have genders?
A
No, they have mating types which are (+) and (-)
23
Q
Homothallic
A
self fertile; when both mating types are present in the same mycelium
24
Heterothalic
Mycelia require two different but compatible mycelia to reproduce sexually
25
Steps to form a zygote (fungi)
1. plasmogamy
2. heterokaryotic stage
3. karyogamy
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plasmogamy
fusion of haploid (+) & (-) hyphae
27
heterokaryotic stage
hyphae with unfused haploid nuclei of both + and -
28
Karyogamy
fusion of haploid nuclei to form zygote
29
What are the characteristics of Chytridomycota?
Aquatic decomposers, flagellated, with motile zoospores, unicellular
30
What are the characteristics of Zygomycota?
zygosporangium (strong resistants), coenocytic hyphae, saprobes
31
What are the characteristics of ascomycota?
Ascopores (sexual spores) released in ascus
Conidiospores (asexual spores) released by conidiophores
32
What are the characteristics of Basidiomycetes?
Basidospores (sexual) found within basidium
Basidia (reproductive organ) contained within familiar mushroom (underside flappy bit of mushrooms)
33
What are the characteristics of Glomeromycetes?
arbuscular mycorrhizae
34
Fungi as decomposers are important because?
Break down dead tissue (including lignin)
35
Ectomycorrhizae
fungus remains outside root and is between cells.
36
What phylum of fungi form ectomycorrhizae
ascomycota, basiliomycota, zygomycota
37
Endomycorrrhizae / arbuscular mycorrhizae
fungi penetrate cell walls and form haustoria
38
What phylum of fungi form endomycorrhizae
Glomeromycetes
39
Lichens
Mutalistic relationship between an algae cell and fungal hypahe
40
Soredia
structure of lichen; algal + fungal partner
41
Ergot
infection in plants caused by mycotoxins
42
Ergotism
infection in animals and humans cause by mycotoxins in fungi
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Adaptations plants developed from water to land
alteration of generations, apical meristem tissue, waxy cuticle, lignin in cell walls
44
Alteration of Generations
2n and n multicellular forms; gameophyte (n) and sporophyte (2n)
45
Apical Meristem tissue
Tissue that allows the root and shoot to grow towards ground resources (minerals and water) and towards sunlight respectfully.
46
Walled haploid spores
made with multicellular sporangium and is protected by sporopollenin (sporophye generation)
47
Multicellular gameangia (male)
gameophyte generation; sperm is protected within antheridium
48
Multicellular gameangia (female)
egg is protected within archegonium; this is where fertilization occurs.
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Waxy Cuticle
Prevents desiccation (drying out) and allows for the exchange of CO2 and O2. Process is controlled through stomata
50
Secondary metabolites
chemicals that deter, repel, or poison competitors, herbivores and parasites
ex: caffeine, latex rubber
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Mycorrhizae
mutalism with fungi; helps water and mineral absorption for plants and fungi get glucose from plant
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Seedless, nonvascular plants
Bryophytes
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Characteristics of seedless nonvascular plants
require water for reproduction and have rhizoids (not true roots)
54
Characteristics of Bryophytes
-Haploid gametophyte is dominant
-sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
-grows within archegonium of gametophyte
-sporangium makes haploid spores
55
3 phyla of bryophytes
Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
56
Structure of sporophyte
Foot, Seta, capsule
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Capsule
Sporangium; produces spores via meiosis
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Seta
stock that moves nutrients to sporangium (capsule)
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Foot
in archagonium; absorbs nutrients from the female gametophyte
60
Seedless Vascular Plants Characteristics
Sporophytes are independent of gametophyte for nutrition
Diploid sporophyte dominates life cycle
Transport in Xylem and Phloem
True roots and true leaves
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Xylem
cells specialized to move water and minerals
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Phloem
cells specialized to move sugar, amino acids, and other organic products
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What plants have microphylls?
Lycophytes ONLY
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microphyll leaves
leaves with unbranched vascular tissue
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megaphyll leaves
leaves with branched vascular tissue
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What plants have megaphyll leaves?
all vascular plants except for lycophytes
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Sporophylls
Leaves modified to bear sporangia; they tend to have sori on the underside of their leaves
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Sori
generates spores on the underside of leaves.
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Homosporous spore production
1. sporangium on sporophyll
2. single type of spore
3. typically a bisexual gametophyte that can be eggs or sperm
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Hetersporous spore production
1. Mega/Microsporangium on mega/microsporophyll
2. megaspore / microspore
3a. Megaspore becomes female gametophyte
3b. Microspore becomes male gameophyte
4a. egg
4b. sperm
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Lychtophytes examples
Ex: Club mosses ( homosporous)
Spikemoss and quillworts (heterosporous)
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Pterophytes
Ferns and relatives
ex: Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns
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Whisk ferns
Dichotomous branching
homosporous
photosynthesis in stem
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Horsetails
Joined stems with tiny leaves
Strobili
homosporous
photosynthesis in stem
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Strobulus
The modified cone like structure that modified and occurs in Lycophyte sporophylls
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Ferns
homosporous
large megaphylls
sori on sporophylls
mostly found in understory or as epiphytes (grows on surface of a plant)
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Embryo
produced from the diploid zygote, gorws into the sporophyte when seed germinates
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Seed
offers the embryo protection, nourishment, allows plants to disperse the next generation through both space and time
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What kinda of sporous are seed plants?
Heterosporous
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megaspores
grow into female gametophytes
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microsporous
grown into male gametophytes
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Where do both gametophytes mature in seed plants?
Within the sporangia
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Ovule consist of?
integument + meagsporangium + megaspore
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Where does the pollen grain enter the ovule?
through the micropyle
85
Pollen Grains
male gametophyte surrounded by pollen wall
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Sporopollenin
found in the cell wall that protects pollen grains
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Pollination
transfer of a pollen to a part of the seed plant that contain the ovule
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Characteristics of Gymnosperm
Dominant sporophyte
hetersporous
Reproductive organs can form in cones or strobili
Monoecious or Dioecious
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Monoecious
both male and female sporangia are produced on the same plant
90
Dioecious
male and female are produced on different plants
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Which gymnosperms have flagellated sperm?
Cycadophyta (cycads) and Ginkophyta (Ginkgos)
92
Coniferophyta (Conifers)
"Cone bearers"
male pollen cone and female ovulate cone
Dominate in high altitudes and b/c of this the have needle like leaves
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Cycaophyta (cycads)
Have flagellated sperm
beetles are involved in their pollination
94
Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)
only one tree: Ginkgo biloba
flagellated sperm
95
Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
Contains ephedra which is used as a potent decongestant (Ephedrine)
96
Purpose of flowers?
specialized to facilitate reproduction; attracts pollinators and protects developing plant embryo
97
Sepals
green leaf like appendages that enclose the rest of the flower
98
Petals
brightly colored appendages that aid in attracting pollinators
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Stamen
produces pollen grains and contain male reproductive structures
100
Filament
stalk that holds up the pollen producing sac
101
Anther
terminal sac that produces polle
102
Carpel / Pistil
Female reproductive system of the flower
103
Stigma
stick tip of carpel that receives pollen
104
Style
long tube leading from stigma to ovary
105
Ovary
structure at base of carpel that produces ovules
106
Ovules
develops into seeds if fertilized
107
Angiosperm life cycle (Male part)
->In the anthers (microsporangium)
1. male sporocytes (2n) divide by meiosis to create haploid microspores (n)
2. These microscpores will undergo mitosis to create pollen grain.
108
What two cell do pollen grains contain?
1 generative cell (which contains two sperm) and 1 pollen tube cell
109
Angiosperm life cycle (Female part)
-> In the Ovule
1. megasporocyte undergoes meiosis resulting in 4 megaspores (3 small, 1 large)
2.only large megaspore survives (embryo sac)
3. large megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce 8 nuclei distributed among 7 cells.
3a. 3 cells at one pole become 1 egg and 2 synergids. Remaining 3 become antipodial
4. center cell becomes 2 polar nuclei
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Double fertilization
Two sperm needed; one fuses with the egg to produce the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the central (polar) nuclei to form the endosperm (provides food to the seed)
111
Fruit
Mature flower ovary that thickens around the seed
112
Monocots
have 1 (one) cotyledons
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Cotyledons
transmits food inside seed/endosperm
114
Characteristics of monocots
1.parallel veins on leaves
2. scattered vascular tissue
3. root system is fibrous
4. pollen grain with 1 opening
5. floral organs in mutiples of three
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Eudicots
two cotyledons
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Characteristics of Eudicots
1. Net like veins
2. vascular tissue arranged in a ring
3. taproot
4. pollen grain with 3 openings
5. floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
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Closest living relative of animals?
Choanoflagellates
118
Embroyonic development
0. Zygote
(clevage occurs)
1. Eight cell stage (clevage)
2. Blastula cross section
(Gastrulation)
3. Gastrula Cross section
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Clevage
Series of mitotic cell divisions
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Primative gut is called?
Archenteron
121
Opening of Archenteron is called?
Bastopore
122
Blastula Cross section is?
Single layer cell with a hollow space filled with fluid called bastocoel
123
What results from gastrulation?
germ layers
124
Order of Germ layer formation
Endoderm & ectoderm first and then mesoderm forms between them
125
Hox Genes
contain homeoboxes which determine embryonic development
126
Radial Symmetry
two unmirrroed image halves, and only have a oral side (top) and aboral side (bottom)
Ex: jellyfish
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Bilateral Symmetry
two axes of orientation. front, back, top and bottom (one plane of symmetry)
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Cephalization
concentration of nervous system in the anterior head "head" or the organism
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Diploblastic
has two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm
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ectoderm gives rise to?
outer covering and nerves
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endoderm gives rise to?
digestive track, internal organs, and lungs
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Triploblastic
all 3 germ layers, mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm
133
mesoderm gives rise to?
muscle, bones, blood, etc.
134
Most animals have a ?
Coelom (only triploblastic creatures have this)
135
Purpose of body cavity
cushions and protects internal organs, allows organs (like your lungs) to move independently of the body cavity, provides space for the diffusion of gasses and nutrients, and allows for body flexibility
136
True coeloms
forms tissue derived from the mesoderm
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Pseudocoeloms
body cavity that is formed from both the mesoderm AND endoderm
138
Acoelomates
Have no body cavity
139
How does coelom form in protosomes?
splits from the mesoderm and forms the mouth from the blastopore
140
Spiral Cleavage
Planes of cell divisions that are oblique angles to the embryo's axis. (done by protosomes)
141
Radial Cleavage
Planes of cell division are parallel or perpendicular to the embryo's axis (deutrosomes)
142
Endothermic
Animals that generate their own heat; includes birds and mammals
143
Ectothermic
Animals gain heat from external sources; most invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians
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Basic Metabolic rate
Average amount of energy used by an organism in a non active state
145
Torpor
physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
146
Hibernation
long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity.
147
What is summer torpor called?
estivation
148
Estivation enables animals to?
survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water
149
Negative feedback loop
direction of incoming stimuli ends up being reversed. ex: blood sugar levels
150
Positive feedback loop
direction of stimuli is not changed, rather instead it is maintained and even amplified. ex: child birth
151
acclimatization
adjustments to changes in external environment
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Heat regulation in mammals often involves the ?
integumentary system
153
5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
1. insulation
2. circulatory adaptations
3.cooling by evaporative heat loss
4. behavior responses
5. adjusting metabolic heat production
154
Epithelial Tissue
Lines surfaces and internal organs
155
How are epithelial tissues classified?
through single layer (simple) and multiple layers (stratified)
156
Different types of epithelial tissue
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
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Connective tissue
comes from the mesoderm; connects tissues together and provides support. made up of fibroblast and some combination of collage, elastic or reticular fibers
158
Cartilage
found in ears for example and made up of collagen fibers
159
Bone
found in vertebrate skeletons and contain some collagen and elastic fibers
160
Blood
has no fibers and found in the blood
161
Muscle tissue
Generates movement
162
Skeletal tissue
many nuclei, have voluntary control and located at skeletal muscles and have striations
163
Smooth tissue
no striations and moves involuntarily
one nuclei.
located at the organs
164
Cardiac tissue
has striations
has one nuclei and move involuntary.
connected with intercalated discs
165
Nervous tissue
develops from the ectoderm and are made up of neurons and glial cells.
166
Cell body
large structure with central nucleus
167
Dendrites
specialized in receiving input
168
Axon
specialized in transmitting impulses
169
astrocyte
regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell
170
Oligodendrocyte
insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently
171
Axon terminal
endings of axon through which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells
