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Pharmaceutics I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

liquid dosage forms that only contain one phase

A

monophasic

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2
Q

liquid dosage forms that have dispersion

A

biphasic

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3
Q

coarse vs colloidal

A

types of dispersions

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4
Q

classification of liquid dosage forms - ready to use liquids

A

solutions, suspensions, emulsions

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5
Q

classification of liquid dosage forms - powders for reconstitution

A

chemically unstable drugs, solution or suspension, oral, topical, injectable

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6
Q

injectable, ophthalmic, some nebulized liquids, vehicles (SW, NS, etc.)

A

sterile liquid dosage forms

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7
Q

we must ensure a low bioburden by proper procedures during manufacture, storage, distribution, dispensing (classification of liquid dosage forms)

A

non-sterile

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8
Q

easier to swallow than solids (pediatric, geriatric, dysphagia), faster absorption rate, easier to adjust the dose (can be diluted, compounded), liquids are best dosage form for some routes (IV) or for some drugs

A

advantages of liquid dosage forms

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9
Q

increased chemical instability, prone to microbial contamination, inconvenient and bulky, taste issues, less accurate dosing, leakage/loss, too rapid absorption, controlled release difficult to achieve

A

limitations of liquid dosage forms

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10
Q

solvents/cosolvents, solubilizers, preservatives, sweeteners, surfactants, suspending agents, antioxidants, flavoring agents, buffering agents

A

excipients for liquid dosage forms

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11
Q

to inhibit the growth of microorganisms that might be introduced from repeatedly drawing doses (sterile), to protect from microbiological growth (non-sterile)

A

why preserve a product

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12
Q

activity against various microorganisms, safety, pKa of preservative, pH of product, solubility of preservative, stability of preservative, suppliers/cost/regulatory limits

A

preservative considerations

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13
Q

physiologically compatible, maintain stability, improve solubility

A

pH of liquids

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14
Q

routes of administration, volume of product (small vs large), way of administration (infusion or bolus injection), buffered or unbuffered, occasional dosing or repeated use

A

acceptable pH ranges depends on these things

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15
Q

pH of formulation, presence of micelles, presence of hydrophilic polymers

A

factors affecting preservative efficacy in solutions

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16
Q

_________ is a preservative that is affected by the pH of the formulation

A

benzoic acid because it is ionized acid

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17
Q

if the pH is higher than the pKa more of the acid will be in the ionized form thus potentially rendering the preservative ineffective, when the preservative is ionized it is soluble in water so it won’t have antimicrobial activity because it essentially just goes away, need to have some unionized preservative to be effective, benzoic acid only effective at pH lower than 4

A

preservative-pH relationship

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18
Q

something surrounded by phospholipids

A

micelles

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19
Q

free concentration of preservative in solution is reduced in the presence of hydrophilic polymers due to chemical interaction, preservative may be incompatible with hydrophilic polymers in formulation due to electrostatic interaction (cationic hydrophilic polymers should not be used in conjunction with acidic preservatives)

A

presence of hydrophilic polymers

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20
Q

faster onset of activity (no rate limiting dissolution process), good for children and elderly (easy to swallow), homogenous/always uniform unlike suspensions and emulsions, flexible dosing (dose titration), given by many routes of administration (including IV infusion)

A

advantages of solutions

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21
Q

expensive to ship and bulky for patient to carry, leakage from container, unsuitable for therapeutic agents that are chemically unstable in the presence of water (less stability that solids), poor solubility of certain therapeutic agents may prohibit their formulation as solutions, more pronounced taste

A

disadvantages of solutions

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22
Q

oral, topical (dermal, ophthalmic, nasal, otic, inhalants, enemas/douches), parenteral

A

types of solutions

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23
Q

homogenous mixtures of solutes dissolved in solvents

A

solutions

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24
Q

aqueous solutions containing a high concentration of sugar or sugar substitute with or without medicinal substances

A

syrups

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25
Q

sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions, ethanol

A

elixirs

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26
Q

solutions of aromatic materials in alcohol, commonly used as flavoring agents or inhalation for syncope (respiratory stimulant, ammonia)

A

spirits

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27
Q

solutions of aromatic materials in water

A

aromatic waters

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28
Q

alcoholic solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs

A

tinctures

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29
Q

solutions (or suspensions, emulsions) intended for external application to the skin (need not be rubbed forcefully)

A

lotions

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30
Q

liquid preparations intended to be rubbed with friction and massaged onto unbroken skin (more viscous than lotions)

A

liniments

31
Q

solutions of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol that are intended to be painted onto the skin and left to dry (forms a protective film)

A

collodions

32
Q

aqueous or oily based solutions in the form of droplets to be applied topically to the nasopharyngeal tract/skin

A

sprays

33
Q

solutions introduced to the rectum to empty the bowel

A

enema

34
Q

administered to a body cavity (vagina) to disinfect or remove debris

A

douches

35
Q

solutions designed to wash the bladder, eyes, or open wounds

A

irrigations

36
Q

designed to cleanse a part of the body

A

washes

37
Q

designed to treat diseases that impact the throat

A

gargles

38
Q

sterile solutions that can be administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously

A

injections

39
Q

solvents, pH adjusting agent or buffer, solubility improving agents, stability improving agents, preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, tonicity agents

A

solution excipients

40
Q

nature and composition of solvent medium (polarity, pH, buffer), nature of API (chemical and physical properties), solubilizing and dissolution process

A

factors affect solubility of therapeutic agents

41
Q

optimization of pH of formulation, solubilization using cosolvents, use of non-aqueous as a solvent, add a solubilizing agent (surfactant, complexing agent), change the chemical structure of the drug (appropriate selection of drug form/salt, complex)

A

formulation methods to enhance/optimize the solubility of therapeutic agents

42
Q

ethanol, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerin (glycerol), low MW PEGs

A

common cosolvents

43
Q

dispersed system with insoluble solid particles, some of the drug does dissolve in the medium to the extent of solubility (degradation of the API), dispersion medium (aqueous, non-aqueous, oils)

A

suspensions

44
Q

uniform dispersion, sediment slowly and resuspend easily upon shaking, no significant particle growth through shelf life, desirable flow properties, should be acceptable to patient (appearance, color, flavor, grittiness, taste)

A

requirements of suspensions

45
Q

administering a poorly water-soluble drug in liquid form compared to solids (easier to swallow, dose easier to adjust), better chemical stability and longer shelf life compared to solutions (bad taste easier to mask, higher dose possible)

A

advantages of suspensions

46
Q

physical stability problems (heterogeneous systems and will sediment/cake), shelf life may be limited by chemical stability (drugs are more prone to chemical instability compared to solids), dosing accuracy (measuring inaccuracy, lack of uniformity), not as portable and convenient as solids

A

disadvantages of suspensions

47
Q

wetting agents, suspending agents, flocculating agents

A

excipients in suspensions

48
Q

random movement in all directions, rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to particle diameter

A

brownian motion

49
Q

net charge at the outer boundary of the double layer of a particle

A

zeta potential

50
Q

encourage suspended particles to form loose flocs of low density, flocs will sediment faster than primary particles, neutralize the zeta potential by adding excipients, polymers to form bridges to promote this

A

controlled flocculation

51
Q

any electrolytes that carry a charge opposite to that of the zeta potential of the suspended particles

A

flocculating agents

52
Q

particles in _________ must dissolve before absorption

A

suspension

53
Q

oil/water, increased bioavailability of lipophilic drugs, oil soluble/oily drug

A

oral emulsions

54
Q

creams (o/w or w/o), semisolids, lotions, non-medicated or medicated

A

dermal emulsions

55
Q

oil/water, intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLE), 0.1-0.5 micrometers

A

parenteral emulsions

56
Q

surfactants (tweens, spans), particulate colloid emulsifiers (fine particles, bentonite, veegum, magnesium, aluminum hydroxide), polymers (pectin, lecithin, cellulose derivatives)

A

emulsifying agents

57
Q

glycerol, PEG, carbomer

A

viscosity enhancers for emulsions

58
Q

o/w or w/o emulsions

A

macroemulsions

59
Q

o/w/o or w/o/w, sustained release dosage forms

A

multiple emulsions

60
Q

clear, thermodynamically stable emulsions

A

microemulsions

61
Q

water is the dispersion medium and oil is the dispersed phase, high HLB value, preferred for internal use, used externally as vanishing cream, non-greasy and easily removable from the skin

A

o/w emulsions

62
Q

oil is the dispersion medium, low HLB value, preferred for external use (lotions, creams, moisturize and treat skin conditions), greasy and oily, used externally to prevent evaporation of moisture

A

w/o emulsions

63
Q

make it viscous (semisolid emulsion, no/slow sedimentation/creaming, shaking not needed), make it colloidal emulsion (microemulsions), minimize/delay flocculation and coalescence (increase zeta potential, emulsifying agents)

A

improving physical stability of emulsions

64
Q

API degradation, oils and lipids in emulsions are susceptible to oxidation or enzymatic hydrolysis (rancidity - unpleasant odors/flavors), hydrolysis of triglycerides releases free fatty acids which lowers the pH of the emulsion and changes the zeta potential, commonly used excipients to improve stability are antioxidants and chelating agents

A

chemical stability of emulsions

65
Q

emulsions need antimicrobial preservatives, emulsions contain water, natural oils and emulsifiers are good media for microorganisms to grow, microbial enzymes can degrade oil, emulsifier, causes rancidity, discoloration, change pH, breakage of emulsion

A

microbiological stability of emulsions

66
Q

aqueous solutions used to treat or prevent infections (topical antibiotics), pleasant taste/odor, can be available in concentrated forms with directions for dilution or used undiluted, maintain contact with mucous membrane

A

oral rinse, gargle, mouthwash

67
Q

viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections, glycerin common base (adheres to mucous membrane for long period, possesses a sweet taste)

A

throat paints

68
Q

small volume to prevent spillage, concentration is used to adjust a dose instead of increasing volume, non-irritating, isotonic, viscous, sterile, preserved if necessary

A

ophthalmic liquids

69
Q

solutions, suspensions, oily liquids, sterile, preserved, isotonic, more volume than eyes

A

otic liquids

70
Q

rapid onset of action comparable to IV, ease of delivery (painless, non-invasive, needle-free, self-medication), improve bioavailability by bypassing GI and liver first pass metabolism, lower dose so less ADR

A

nasal drops/sprays

71
Q

rectal liquid (solution or suspension), administered/injected into the rectum, may be administered for cleansing/evacuation effect or provide local drug effect

A

rectal enema

72
Q

aerosol/inhalation (nebulizers, MDIs), instillation/endotracheal administration (tracheal tube - catheter, surfactant delivered to premature infants)

A

pulmonary drug delivery

73
Q

3-in-1 or total nutrient admixture (TNA - dextrose, amino acids, IV fat emulsion) or dextrose and amino acids (2-in-1) with separate fats infusion

A

parenteral nutrition (PN)

Pharmaceutics I (4 decks)

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