Exam 3

Question 1

liquid dosage forms that only contain one phase

Answer 1

monophasic

Question 2

liquid dosage forms that have dispersion

Answer 2

biphasic

Question 3

coarse vs colloidal

Answer 3

types of dispersions

Question 4

classification of liquid dosage forms - ready to use liquids

Answer 4

solutions, suspensions, emulsions

Question 5

classification of liquid dosage forms - powders for reconstitution

Answer 5

chemically unstable drugs, solution or suspension, oral, topical, injectable

Question 6

injectable, ophthalmic, some nebulized liquids, vehicles (SW, NS, etc.)

Answer 6

sterile liquid dosage forms

Question 7

we must ensure a low bioburden by proper procedures during manufacture, storage, distribution, dispensing (classification of liquid dosage forms)

Answer 7

non-sterile

Question 8

easier to swallow than solids (pediatric, geriatric, dysphagia), faster absorption rate, easier to adjust the dose (can be diluted, compounded), liquids are best dosage form for some routes (IV) or for some drugs

Answer 8

advantages of liquid dosage forms

Question 9

increased chemical instability, prone to microbial contamination, inconvenient and bulky, taste issues, less accurate dosing, leakage/loss, too rapid absorption, controlled release difficult to achieve

Answer 9

limitations of liquid dosage forms

Question 10

solvents/cosolvents, solubilizers, preservatives, sweeteners, surfactants, suspending agents, antioxidants, flavoring agents, buffering agents

Answer 10

excipients for liquid dosage forms

Question 11

to inhibit the growth of microorganisms that might be introduced from repeatedly drawing doses (sterile), to protect from microbiological growth (non-sterile)

Answer 11

why preserve a product

Question 12

activity against various microorganisms, safety, pKa of preservative, pH of product, solubility of preservative, stability of preservative, suppliers/cost/regulatory limits

Answer 12

preservative considerations

Question 13

physiologically compatible, maintain stability, improve solubility

Answer 13

pH of liquids

Question 14

routes of administration, volume of product (small vs large), way of administration (infusion or bolus injection), buffered or unbuffered, occasional dosing or repeated use

Answer 14

acceptable pH ranges depends on these things

Question 15

pH of formulation, presence of micelles, presence of hydrophilic polymers

Answer 15

factors affecting preservative efficacy in solutions

Question 16

_________ is a preservative that is affected by the pH of the formulation

Answer 16

benzoic acid because it is ionized acid

Question 17

if the pH is higher than the pKa more of the acid will be in the ionized form thus potentially rendering the preservative ineffective, when the preservative is ionized it is soluble in water so it won’t have antimicrobial activity because it essentially just goes away, need to have some unionized preservative to be effective, benzoic acid only effective at pH lower than 4

Answer 17

preservative-pH relationship

Question 18

something surrounded by phospholipids

Answer 18

micelles

Question 19

free concentration of preservative in solution is reduced in the presence of hydrophilic polymers due to chemical interaction, preservative may be incompatible with hydrophilic polymers in formulation due to electrostatic interaction (cationic hydrophilic polymers should not be used in conjunction with acidic preservatives)

Answer 19

presence of hydrophilic polymers

Question 20

faster onset of activity (no rate limiting dissolution process), good for children and elderly (easy to swallow), homogenous/always uniform unlike suspensions and emulsions, flexible dosing (dose titration), given by many routes of administration (including IV infusion)

Answer 20

advantages of solutions

Question 21

expensive to ship and bulky for patient to carry, leakage from container, unsuitable for therapeutic agents that are chemically unstable in the presence of water (less stability that solids), poor solubility of certain therapeutic agents may prohibit their formulation as solutions, more pronounced taste

Answer 21

disadvantages of solutions

Question 22

oral, topical (dermal, ophthalmic, nasal, otic, inhalants, enemas/douches), parenteral

Answer 22

types of solutions

Question 23

homogenous mixtures of solutes dissolved in solvents

Answer 23

solutions

Question 24

aqueous solutions containing a high concentration of sugar or sugar substitute with or without medicinal substances

Answer 24

syrups

Question 25

sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions, ethanol

Answer 25

elixirs

Question 26

solutions of aromatic materials in alcohol, commonly used as flavoring agents or inhalation for syncope (respiratory stimulant, ammonia)

Answer 26

spirits

Question 27

solutions of aromatic materials in water

Answer 27

aromatic waters

Question 28

alcoholic solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs

Answer 28

tinctures

Question 29

solutions (or suspensions, emulsions) intended for external application to the skin (need not be rubbed forcefully)

Answer 29

lotions

Question 30

liquid preparations intended to be rubbed with friction and massaged onto unbroken skin (more viscous than lotions)

Answer 30

liniments

Question 31

solutions of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol that are intended to be painted onto the skin and left to dry (forms a protective film)

Answer 31

collodions

Question 32

aqueous or oily based solutions in the form of droplets to be applied topically to the nasopharyngeal tract/skin

Answer 32

sprays

Question 33

solutions introduced to the rectum to empty the bowel

Answer 33

enema

Question 34

administered to a body cavity (vagina) to disinfect or remove debris

Answer 34

douches

Question 35

solutions designed to wash the bladder, eyes, or open wounds

Answer 35

irrigations

Question 36

designed to cleanse a part of the body

Answer 36

washes

Question 37

designed to treat diseases that impact the throat

Answer 37

gargles

Question 38

sterile solutions that can be administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously

Answer 38

injections

Question 39

solvents, pH adjusting agent or buffer, solubility improving agents, stability improving agents, preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, tonicity agents

Answer 39

solution excipients

Question 40

nature and composition of solvent medium (polarity, pH, buffer), nature of API (chemical and physical properties), solubilizing and dissolution process

Answer 40

factors affect solubility of therapeutic agents

Question 41

optimization of pH of formulation, solubilization using cosolvents, use of non-aqueous as a solvent, add a solubilizing agent (surfactant, complexing agent), change the chemical structure of the drug (appropriate selection of drug form/salt, complex)

Answer 41

formulation methods to enhance/optimize the solubility of therapeutic agents

Question 42

ethanol, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerin (glycerol), low MW PEGs

Answer 42

common cosolvents

Question 43

dispersed system with insoluble solid particles, some of the drug does dissolve in the medium to the extent of solubility (degradation of the API), dispersion medium (aqueous, non-aqueous, oils)

Answer 43

suspensions

Question 44

uniform dispersion, sediment slowly and resuspend easily upon shaking, no significant particle growth through shelf life, desirable flow properties, should be acceptable to patient (appearance, color, flavor, grittiness, taste)

Answer 44

requirements of suspensions

Question 45

administering a poorly water-soluble drug in liquid form compared to solids (easier to swallow, dose easier to adjust), better chemical stability and longer shelf life compared to solutions (bad taste easier to mask, higher dose possible)

Answer 45

advantages of suspensions

Question 46

physical stability problems (heterogeneous systems and will sediment/cake), shelf life may be limited by chemical stability (drugs are more prone to chemical instability compared to solids), dosing accuracy (measuring inaccuracy, lack of uniformity), not as portable and convenient as solids

Answer 46

disadvantages of suspensions

Question 47

wetting agents, suspending agents, flocculating agents

Answer 47

excipients in suspensions

Question 48

random movement in all directions, rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to particle diameter

Answer 48

brownian motion

Question 49

net charge at the outer boundary of the double layer of a particle

Answer 49

zeta potential

Question 50

encourage suspended particles to form loose flocs of low density, flocs will sediment faster than primary particles, neutralize the zeta potential by adding excipients, polymers to form bridges to promote this

Answer 50

controlled flocculation

Question 51

any electrolytes that carry a charge opposite to that of the zeta potential of the suspended particles

Answer 51

flocculating agents

Question 52

particles in _________ must dissolve before absorption

Answer 52

suspension

Question 53

oil/water, increased bioavailability of lipophilic drugs, oil soluble/oily drug

Answer 53

oral emulsions

Question 54

creams (o/w or w/o), semisolids, lotions, non-medicated or medicated

Answer 54

dermal emulsions

Question 55

oil/water, intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLE), 0.1-0.5 micrometers

Answer 55

parenteral emulsions

Question 56

surfactants (tweens, spans), particulate colloid emulsifiers (fine particles, bentonite, veegum, magnesium, aluminum hydroxide), polymers (pectin, lecithin, cellulose derivatives)

Answer 56

emulsifying agents

Question 57

glycerol, PEG, carbomer

Answer 57

viscosity enhancers for emulsions

Question 58

o/w or w/o emulsions

Answer 58

macroemulsions

Question 59

o/w/o or w/o/w, sustained release dosage forms

Answer 59

multiple emulsions

Question 60

clear, thermodynamically stable emulsions

Answer 60

microemulsions

Question 61

water is the dispersion medium and oil is the dispersed phase, high HLB value, preferred for internal use, used externally as vanishing cream, non-greasy and easily removable from the skin

Answer 61

o/w emulsions

Question 62

oil is the dispersion medium, low HLB value, preferred for external use (lotions, creams, moisturize and treat skin conditions), greasy and oily, used externally to prevent evaporation of moisture

Answer 62

w/o emulsions

Question 63

make it viscous (semisolid emulsion, no/slow sedimentation/creaming, shaking not needed), make it colloidal emulsion (microemulsions), minimize/delay flocculation and coalescence (increase zeta potential, emulsifying agents)

Answer 63

improving physical stability of emulsions

Question 64

API degradation, oils and lipids in emulsions are susceptible to oxidation or enzymatic hydrolysis (rancidity - unpleasant odors/flavors), hydrolysis of triglycerides releases free fatty acids which lowers the pH of the emulsion and changes the zeta potential, commonly used excipients to improve stability are antioxidants and chelating agents

Answer 64

chemical stability of emulsions

Question 65

emulsions need antimicrobial preservatives, emulsions contain water, natural oils and emulsifiers are good media for microorganisms to grow, microbial enzymes can degrade oil, emulsifier, causes rancidity, discoloration, change pH, breakage of emulsion

Answer 65

microbiological stability of emulsions

Question 66

aqueous solutions used to treat or prevent infections (topical antibiotics), pleasant taste/odor, can be available in concentrated forms with directions for dilution or used undiluted, maintain contact with mucous membrane

Answer 66

oral rinse, gargle, mouthwash

Question 67

viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections, glycerin common base (adheres to mucous membrane for long period, possesses a sweet taste)

Answer 67

throat paints

Question 68

small volume to prevent spillage, concentration is used to adjust a dose instead of increasing volume, non-irritating, isotonic, viscous, sterile, preserved if necessary

Answer 68

ophthalmic liquids

Question 69

solutions, suspensions, oily liquids, sterile, preserved, isotonic, more volume than eyes

Answer 69

otic liquids

Question 70

rapid onset of action comparable to IV, ease of delivery (painless, non-invasive, needle-free, self-medication), improve bioavailability by bypassing GI and liver first pass metabolism, lower dose so less ADR

Answer 70

nasal drops/sprays

Question 71

rectal liquid (solution or suspension), administered/injected into the rectum, may be administered for cleansing/evacuation effect or provide local drug effect

Answer 71

rectal enema

Question 72

aerosol/inhalation (nebulizers, MDIs), instillation/endotracheal administration (tracheal tube - catheter, surfactant delivered to premature infants)

Answer 72

pulmonary drug delivery

Question 73

3-in-1 or total nutrient admixture (TNA - dextrose, amino acids, IV fat emulsion) or dextrose and amino acids (2-in-1) with separate fats infusion

Answer 73

parenteral nutrition (PN)