Exam 3

Question 1

The study of conduct and character.

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

Freedom from external control. The commitment to include pts in decisions about all aspects of care as a way of acknowledging and protecting the pts independence.

Answer 2

Autonomy

Question 3

Taking positive actions to help others. The best interests of the patient remains more important than self-interest.

Answer 3

Beneficence

Question 4

Refers to harm or hurt.

Answer 4

Maleficence

Question 5

The avoidance of harm or hurt. Ethical practice involves not only the will to do good, but the equal commitment to do no harm.

Answer 5

Nonmaleficence

Question 6

Includes fairness; includes the just distribution of resources.

Answer 6

Justice

Question 7

Telling the truth; The agreement to keep a promise.

Answer 7

Fidelity

Question 8

A set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept. Its a collective statement about the group’s expectations and standards of behavior.

Answer 8

Code of Ethics

Question 9

The support of a particular cause. The health, safety, and rights of patients, including their rights to privacy.

Answer 9

Advocacy

Question 10

A willingness to respect one’s professional obligations and follow through on promises.

Answer 10

Responsibility

Question 11

The ability to answer for one’s actions. You learn to ensure that your professional actions are explainable to your patients and your employer.

Answer 11

Accountability

Question 12

HIPPA stands for

Answer 12

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Question 13

Legislation defines the rights and privileges of patients for protection of privacy.

Answer 13

Confidentiality

Question 14

A personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that sets standards that influence behavior.

Answer 14

Values

Question 15

Name the 7 Key Steps in the Resolution of an Ethical Dilemma

Answer 15

.1. Ask the question.

2. Gather information relevant to the case.
3. Clarify values.
4. Verbalize the problem.
5. Identify possible courses of action.
6. Negotiate a plan.
7. Evaluate the plan over time.

Question 16

4 Issues in Health Care Ethics

Answer 16

1. Quality of Life
2. Genetic Screening
3. Care at the End of Life
4. Access to Care

Question 17

___ serve to complement relationships within the workplace and the community and offer a valuable resource for strengthening these relationships.

Answer 17

Ethics committees

Question 18

Anti-discrimination laws enhance the economic security of people with physical, mental, or emotional challenges. These changes have increased the integration of disabled persons into general society. The changes remind society, including health care workers, that definitions of quality are deeply based in individual experience.

Answer 18

Quality of Life

Question 19

This can alert a patient to a condition that may not yet be evident but that is certain to develop in the future.

Answer 19

Genetic Screening

Question 20

Refers to something that is hopeless or serves no useful purpose. Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for a patient.

Answer 20

Futile

Question 21

What is the nurses role when it comes to loss death, and grief?

Answer 21

nurses have a primary duty to prevent illness and injury and help patients and families cope with things that cannot be changed and facilitate a peaceful death.

Question 22

Losses that are eventually replaced by something different or better, however some losses cause them to undergo permanent changes in their lives and threaten their sense of belonging and security.

Answer 22

Necessary loss

Question 23

A form of necessary loss and includes all normally expected life changes across the lifespan.

Answer 23

Maturational loss

Question 24

Sudden, unpredictable external events.

Answer 24

Situational loss

Question 25

The extent of grieving depends on value of object, sentiment attachment to it, or its usefulness.

Answer 25

Loss of possessions or objects

Question 26

Loss occurs through maturational or situational events or by injury/illness. Loneliness in an unfamiliar setting threatens self-esteem, hopefulness, or belonging.

Answer 26

Loss of known environment

Question 27

Close friends, family members, and pets, fulfill psychological, safety, love, belonging, and self-concept.

Answer 27

Loss of a significant other

Question 28

Illness, injury, or developmental changes result in loss of a valued aspect of self, altering personal identity and self-concept.

Answer 28

Loss of an aspect of self

Question 29

Loss of life grieves those left behind. Dying persons also feel sadness or fear pain, loss of control, and dependency on others.

Answer 29

Loss of life

Question 30

emotional response to a loss manifested in ways unique to an individual and based on personal experiences, cultural expectations, and spiritual beliefs.

Answer 30

Grief

Question 31

Coping with grief involves this period. The outward, social expressions of grief and the behavior associated with loss.

Answer 31

Mourning

Question 32

encompasses both grief and mourning and includes the emotional responses and outward behaviors of a person experiencing loss.

Answer 32

Bereavement

Question 33

is a common, universal reaction characterized by complex emotional, cognitive, social, physical, behavioral, and spiritual responses to loss and death.

Answer 33

Normal (uncomplicated) grief

Question 34

The unconscious process of disengaging or “letting go” before the actual loss or death occurs, especially in a situations of prolonged or predicted loss. Forewarning or cushioning that gives people time to prepare or complete the tasks related to the impending death.

Answer 34

Anticipatory grief

Question 35

When there is a relationship to the deceased person is not socially sanctioned, cannot be openly shared, or seems of lesser significance.

Answer 35

Disenfranchised grief

Question 36

AKA (marginal or unsupported grief)

Answer 36

Disenfranchised grief

Question 37

occurs when the lost person is physically present but not psychologically available, but the grieving person maintains an ongoing, intense psychological attachment, never sure of the reality of the situation.

Answer 37

Ambiguous Loss

Question 38

a prolonged or significantly difficult time moving forward after a loss. He/she experiences a chronic and disruptive yearning for the deceased; has trouble accepting the death and trusting others; and /or feels excessively bitter, emotionally numb, or anxious about the future.

Answer 38

Complicated grief

Question 39

Name the 5 Stages of Dying?

Answer 39

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

Question 40

a person acts as though nothing has happened and refuses to accept the fact of the loss. The person shows no understanding of what has occurred.

Answer 40

Denial

Question 41

a person expresses resistance and sometimes feels intense anger at God, other people, or the situation.

Answer 41

Anger

Question 42

cushions and postpones awareness of the loss by trying to prevent it from happening. Grieving or dying people make promises to God, or loved ones that they will live or believe differently if they can be spared the dreaded outcome.

Answer 42

Bargaining

Question 43

When a person realizes the full impact of the loss, some individuals feel overwhelmingly sad, hopeless, and lonely.

Answer 43

Depression

Question 44

the person incorporates the loss into life and finds ways to move forward.

Answer 44

Acceptance

Question 45

Patients age and stage of development affect the grief response.

Answer 45

Human Development

Question 46

When a relationship between 2 people was very rewarding and well connected, the survivor often finds it difficult to move forward.

Answer 46

Personal relationships

Question 47

hampered by regret and a sense of unfinished business, especially when people are closely related but did not have a good relationship at the time of death.

Answer 47

Grief resolution

Question 48

the only way to know what a loss means to a person is with a good assessment.

Answer 48

Nature of loss

Question 49

Strategies a person uses to deal with the stress of the loss. Emotional disclosure (i.e., venting talking about one’s feelings, or expressing anger or other negative feelings) is one way to cope with loss. Emotional disclosure is often accomplished by having people write about their feelings in letters to lost loved ones or personal journals.

Answer 49

Coping strategies

Question 50

Influences a person’s ability to access support and resources for coping with loss and physical response to stress.

Answer 50

Socioeconomic status

Question 51

Spiritual resources include faith in a higher power, communities of support, friends a sense of hope and meaning in life, and religious practices.

Answer 51

Spiritual & religious beliefs

Question 52

focuses on the prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders throughout the entire course of an illness, including care of the dying and bereavement follow-up for the family. (No longer cure diseases. We are going to make the patient okay and as comfortable as possible) As the goals of care change and cure for illnesses become less likely, the focus shifts to more palliative care strategies.

Answer 52

Palliative Care

Question 53

Care of the terminally ill patients and their families. It isn’t a place but rather a patient- and family-centered approach to care. Gives priority to managing a patient’s pain and other symptoms; comfort; quality of life; and attention to physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs and resources. Patient’s usually have less than 6-12 months to live. Available in home, hospital, extended care, or nursing home settings

Answer 53

Hospice Care

Question 54

Difficult ethical decisions at the end of lie complicate a survivor’s grief, create family divisions, or increase family uncertainty at the time of death. Suggest to patients that they clearly communicate their wishes for end-of-life care so family members are able to act as faithful surrogates when the patient can no longer speak for himself or herself. Advance directives often decrease the stress of family members when end-of-life decisions must be made.

Answer 54

Assist with End-of-Life decision making

Question 55

the care of a body after death. Needs to be prepared in manner consistent with the patient’s cultural and religious beliefs. Perform as soon as possible to prevent discoloration, tissue damage, or deformities

Answer 55

Postmortem Care

Question 56

Family members give consent to determine the exact cause and circumstances of death or discover the pathway of a disease. Law sometimes requires that an autopsy be performed when death is the result of foul play; homicide; suicide; or accidental causes such as a motor vehicle crashes; falls, the ingestion of drugs, or deaths within 24 hours of hospital admission.

Answer 56

Autopsy

Question 57

A specially trained professional (transplant coordinator or social worker) makes request at the time of death. The person requesting the organ or tissue donation provides information about who can legally give consent, which organs or tissues can be donated, associated costs, and how donation affects burial or cremation.

Answer 57

Organ and tissue donation

Question 58

2 types of advance directives?

Answer 58

Living Will & Durable power of attorney

Question 59

What is a Living Will?

Answer 59

It is a document** It represents written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient's wishes in the event of a terminal illness or condition.

Question 60

What is a Durable Power of Attorney for health care?

Answer 60

*Remember a DPAHC is a person* A legal document that designates a person or person's of one's choosing to make health care decisions when the client is no longer able to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

Question 61

What is a uniform anatomical gift?

Answer 61

An individual is at least 18 or older has the right to make an organ donation. Donation is defined as all or part of the human body to take effect upon or after death. The gift must be made in WRITING or INCLUDE a Signature.

Question 62

What does HIPAA stand for?

Answer 62

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Question 63

What does HIPAA mean?

Answer 63

It establishes the basis for PRIVACY and CONFIDENTIALITY concerns, viewed as two basic rights within the US health care setting.

Question 64

Good Samaritan laws?

Answer 64

these laws limit liability and offer legal immunity for nurses who help at the scene of an accident. All states have Good Samaritan laws enacted to encourage health care professionals to assist in emergencies.

Question 65

The uniform determination of death act?

Answer 65

there are 2 standards for determination of death. 1. Cardiopulmonary standard requires irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions. 2 the whole brain standards requires irreversible cessation of all function of the entire brain, including the brain stem.

Question 66

What is a tort?

Answer 66

A CIVIL WRONG made against a person or property.

Question 67

What is assault?

Answer 67

Any INTENTIONAL THREAT to bring about harmful or offensive contact. (NO actual contact is necessary)

Question 68

What is battery?

Answer 68

Any INTENTIONAL TOUCHING without consent. The contact can be harmful to the patient and cause an injury.

Question 69

What is Slander?

Answer 69

Occurs when one verbalizes the false statement. EX) if a nurse tells people a pt has STDs and the disclosure affects the pts business, the nurse is liable for slander.

Question 70

What is Libel?

Answer 70

Is written defamation of character. Ex) Charting false entries.

Question 71

Negligence

Answer 71

is conduct that FALLS below a standard of care (unintentional)

Question 72

Malpractice

Answer 72

Failure to carry out the duty caused the INJURY to a patient.

Question 73

Who are the witnesses to Informed Consent?

Answer 73

The nurse

Question 74

Is an individuals conceptualization of him or herself. It is a subjective sense of self and a complex mixture of unconscious and conscious thought, attitudes, and perceptions. How you see yourself.

Answer 74

Self-Concept

Question 75

Ages during Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 75

mid-20s to mid-40s

Question 76

Ages during Generativity vs. Self-absorption

Answer 76

mid-40s to mid-60s

Question 77

Age during Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 77

12 to 20 yrs

Question 78

Age during Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 78

late 60s to death

Question 79

What is role performance?

Answer 79

it is the way in which individuals perceive their ability to carry out significant roles.

Question 80

What is self-esteem?

Answer 80

An individuals overall feeling of self-worth or the emotional appraisal of self-concept (How you feel)