Exam 3

Question 1

What do opsonins do

Answer 1

Increase phagocytosis

Question 2

Irritable Bowl Disease (IDB) is an overreaction of the immune system to _____

Answer 2

Gut microbiota

Question 3

Activation of complement leads to which of the following: increased inflammation, increased phagocytosis, holes in the bacterial membrane

Answer 3

All are correct

Question 4

What do natural killer cells do

Answer 4

Kill cells that lack MHC molecules

Question 5

What do the two types of MHC molecules do

Answer 5

Process self & foreign antigens

Question 6

True or false: pathogens with heavily glycosylated outer membranes cannot activate complement

Answer 6

False

Question 7

The variable region of an antibody is _____. The constant region signals _____ by changing shape.

Answer 7

A region for binding antigen, antigen is bound

Question 8

True or false: human genome edits using CRISPR can be vertically transmitted

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Major histocompatibility complex proteins are types in organ transplant cases. They are: markers of self, viral antigens, ‘presenter’ molecules/antigen holders

Answer 9

Markers of self & presenter molecules

Question 10

The ‘older’, _____ portion of the human immune system includes receptors that detect double-stranded RNA. The _____ makes specific tools (antibodies/T cells) to fight specific pathogens/infections

Answer 10

Innate, adaptive

Question 11

True or false: wounds that release puss are a sign that the bacteria is able to kill white blood cells

Answer 11

True

Question 12

True or false: Swelling is caused by the release of solutes by the bacteria that increase osmotic pressure

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are caused by a _____ version of a _____ protein that eventually leads to _____.

Answer 13

Misfolded, normal, holes in the brain

Question 14

True or false: Prion-like disease can affect humans who eat deer meat

Answer 14

Unclear

Question 15

True or false: Bacteria have immunologic memory

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The inflammatory response includes spiking a fever. This is done by the release of a _____ which travels to the _____

Answer 16

Cytokine, brain

Question 17

The presence of a genomic island in a bacterial species suggests: orthologous genes, horizontal gene transfer, genomes evolve

Answer 17

Horizontal gene transfer & genomes evolve

Question 18

The Limulus (horseshoe crab) amebocyte lysate assay can be used to detect _____ in intravenous solutions

Answer 18

Endotoxin

Question 19

Bacteria that are phagocytosed are destroyed in the _____ by a combination of enzymes and _____.

Answer 19

Lysosome, reactive oxygen species

Question 20

One type of interferon is expressed when _____ is detected in a cell. Its absorption into neighboring cells prepares them to _____

Answer 20

double stranded RNA, commit suicide

Question 21

True or false: In humans, specific bacterial infections have been treated successfully with fecal transplants

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Akkermansia muciniphila is a human gut bacteria that metabolizes _____

Answer 22

Mucus

Question 23

Certain types of E coli can cause bloody diarrhea. Which type of toxin do they use to accomplish this?

Answer 23

Endotoxin

Question 24

Botulinum toxin is a _____ which prevents _____ at neuromuscular junctions

Answer 24

Neurotoxin, vesicle fusion

Question 25

The following foreign antigens would be detected by the innate immune system except: viral RNA, 2025 influenza proteins, proteoglycan, flagellin

Answer 25

2025 influenza proteins

Question 26

Studies using a mouse model of autism have shown which of the following can lessen the autistic behavior: antibiotics in their water, a single species of bacteria in their water, a bacterial metabolite in their water

Answer 26

A single species of bacteria & a bacterial metabolite in their water

Question 27

Identify the component that is not part of innate immune defenses: skin, cytotoxic T cells, toll-like receptors, mucus

Answer 27

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 28

Cholera toxin causes diarrhea by _____ colonic endothelial cells

Answer 28

Increasing the flow of ions out of

Question 29

The human microbiome contains all _____

Answer 29

Organisms present in & on the body

Question 30

True or false: bacterial adhesions refer to a species-specific interaction between the pathogen and molecules on the host cell surface

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or false: fermented foods and yogurt are good sources of prebiotics

Answer 31

False

Question 32

A viroid: is a small, circular ssRNA molecule, usually has no capsid, lacks protein-encoding genes

Answer 32

All are correct

Question 33

Metagenomics (‘over/above genetics’) has been used to survey the human skin and environmental samples for microorganisms. Advances in which techniques have made this possible?

Answer 33

PCR and DNA sequencing

Question 34

True or false: prion disease affect only humans

Answer 34

False

Question 35

True or false: human prion disease can be inherited

Answer 35

True

Question 36

The complement system is considered part of the _____ immune system because it is activated by _____

Answer 36

Innate, any bacteria

Question 37

Which of the following demonstrate an interaction between gut microbiota and the host: gnotobiotic mice, streptokinase, intestinal M cells

Answer 37

Gnotobiotic mice, intestinal M cells

Question 38

Which property of viroids is most responsible for their ability to infect an entire plant

Answer 38

Their size

Question 39

True or false: Colonic epithelial cells get most of their energy from the blood stream

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Coagulase is a _____ protein used to _____

Answer 40

Bacterial, escape immune detection

Question 41

Certain types of E coli produce a chemical mutagen called Colibactin. Studies have shown that it causes mutations consistent with _____ in humans.

Answer 41

Colon cancer

Question 42

Neutrophil expressed traps (NETS) are made of?

Answer 42

DNA

Question 43

True or false: live virus can be used to vaccinate against influenza

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Cholera toxin is an _____

Answer 44

Enterotoxin

Question 45

Which of the following might a pathogen use to prevent phagocytosis: hemolysin, transposes, streptokinase, capsule

Answer 45

Capsule

Question 46

The ability to make antibody quickly after a second exposure to antigen is ultimately due to _____

Answer 46

Memory cells

Question 47

Failure to remove immature T cells that react too strongly to MHC molecules can lead to _____

Answer 47

Autoimmune disease

Question 48

Treating Ebola patients with hyper-immune sera from an infected patient is classified as _____

Answer 48

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 49

The ‘a’ in the DTaP vaccine refers to?

Answer 49

The type of vaccine

Question 50

What do treatment for Covid with Paxlovid and certain types of HIV ART have in common: both block viral fusion, both inhibit the viral protease, both are nucleotide analogs

Answer 50

Both inhibit the viral protease